Vergil, Aeneid, Books 6, 8, and 12

Vergil depicts Turnus as accepting his fate with understanding, while Livy presents it as an act of defiance.

Livy portrays Turnus as accepting his fate with understanding, while Vergil presents it as an act of defiance.

Neither Vergil nor Livy gives a clear stance on how Turnus accepts his fate, leaving it ambiguous to readers.

Both Vergil and Livy depict Turnus as embracing his fate without resistance or emotion.

By employing terms related to common laborers or peasants.

By using colloquial language that diminishes his heroic stature.

By using words associated with divine favor and intervention.

By choosing words that suggest cowardice or hesitation.

The repeated reference to "murmuring shields" conveys an atmosphere of dissent and uncertainty among troops.

Referring to "turning tides" implies a shift in momentum that invigorates the Rutulians with renewed vigor or despair based on context.

Describing "thirsting swords" personifies their weapons with eagerness for combat and bloodshed, suggesting zealotry in ranks.

Using "flashing steel" highlights their readiness for battle and unyielding courage against foes.

Monologues revealing inner thoughts

Repetition for emphasis

Direct addresses to characters

Alternating points-of-view

It subtly accentuates his bravery without overt boasting.

It directly undermines any claims he has to heroism or honor.

It provides explicit insight into Turnus’ overconfidence.

It portrays him as completely indifferent towards danger.

Personification

Flashback

Irony

Foreshadowing

It shows mercy being paramount to peaceful transitions which was advocated by Augustus.

This scene represents absolute authority being handed down hereditarily as seen with Augustan succession plans.

It implies turnover of leadership should happen through civil dialogue reflecting Augustan policies.

It suggests the necessity of violence for transition of power mirroring Augustus' history of consolidation.

By linking current events with mythic pasts, he suggests that Rome is destined for greatness through divine will and virtue demonstrated in these tales.

Mythical comparisons are used to criticize Roman expansion by showing how contemporary actions deviate from idealized past morals.

The frequent mentions of fate imply that Rome's history is cyclical, mirroring the recurring themes found in myths.

He employs mythological motifs as an allegory for political dissent within Rome, cautioning against overreaching ambition.

"I request that we consider peace."

"I demand that we pursue peace immediately!"

"Peace must be attained at once!"

"Let us urgently seek peace!"

He was heartbroken over their immense losses.

He felt somewhat sad about their losses.

Grief-stricken, he viewed their substantial casualties.

His soul was tormented by their devastating setbacks.