Define stepwise motion.
Movement between two adjacent notes in a musical scale.
What is a leading-tone seventh chord?
A seventh chord built on the leading tone of a scale, functioning as a dominant substitute.
Define tonic prolongation.
The extension of the tonic chord's presence through other chords, often with stepwise voice leading.
What is a cadence?
A harmonic and melodic progression that creates a sense of closure.
Define authentic cadence.
A cadence consisting of a V-I (or vii°-I) progression, creating a strong sense of resolution.
What is a half cadence?
A cadence ending on the V chord, creating a pause rather than a full stop.
Define deceptive cadence.
A cadence progressing from V-vi, creating a surprise and prolonging tension.
What is a plagal cadence?
A cadence progressing from IV-I, providing a weaker resolution.
Define voice crossing.
When two voices exchange their positions, such as the alto singing higher than the soprano.
What is parallel motion?
When two voices move in the same direction by the same interval.
What is the function of a I-ⅶ6/5-I progression?
Tonic prolongation with smooth voice exchange.
What is the typical harmonic function of a half cadence?
Creates a pause, not a full stop, ending on the V chord.
What harmonic function does a deceptive cadence serve?
Tricks the ear, prolongs tension, V-vi.
What harmonic function does a plagal cadence have?
Weaker resolution, like a gentle amen, IV-I.
What is the general rule for voice leading with seventh chords?
Aim for stepwise motion when entering and exiting these chords.
What should you avoid in parallel voices?
Parallel fifths and octaves.
What is the standard resolution of a leading tone?
Resolve up by step.
How should chordal sevenths typically be approached?
By common tone or step.
How should chordal sevenths typically be resolved?
Down by step.
What is a crucial consideration regarding chord tones in inverted seventh chords?
Never omit any chord tones.
What is the typical doubling in 6/4 chords?
Always double the bass.
What should you do with common tones between chords?
Keep common tones in the same voice when possible.
What intervallic distance should upper voices be kept within?
Less than an octave apart.
What is the standard doubling for root position triads?
Double the root.
