Use scalar superposition: sum the individual potentials from each charge: $$V=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \sum_{i} \frac{q_{i}}{r_{i}}$$.

Chemical processes in batteries create charge separation, resulting in electric potential differences.

Electrons move until they reach the same electric potential.

Electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit charge at a point in space; measured in volts (V).

The change in electric potential energy per unit charge when moving a test charge between two points.

Lines connecting points of equal electric potential; always perpendicular to electric field vectors.

Vectors that point in the direction of decreasing potential (from high to low), showing the direction a positive test charge would move.

Electric potential difference; the driving force behind electric current.

Use scalar superposition: sum the individual potentials from each charge. $V=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \sum_{i} \frac{q_{i}}{r_{i}}$

Chemical processes in batteries create charge separation, resulting in electric potential differences.

Electrons move until they reach the same electric potential.