Electric Force, Field, and Potential

The force per unit charge at a point in space.

The electric potential energy per unit charge at a point in space.

The electric field strength at a point in space.

The kinetic energy per unit charge at a point in space.

0

$\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{q}{a}$

$\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{2q}{a}$

$\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{q}{4a^2}$

0

$\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{3q}{a}$

$\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{9q}{a}$

$\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{3\sqrt{3}q}{a}$

$\frac{d}{5}$

$\frac{2d}{3}$

$2d$

$\frac{4d}{3}$

20 V

5 V

0.2 V

8 V

Creating electrons at the positive terminal.

Conserving charge by moving electrons from the positive to the negative terminal.

Chemical processes that separate charges.

Heating the wire connecting the terminals.

From low to high potential

From high to low potential

Perpendicular to the potential

Parallel to equipotential lines

36 N/C

4 N/C

15 N/C

9 N/C

Parallel to electric field vectors.

Lines along which the electric field is strongest.

Lines connecting points of equal electric potential.

Lines that indicate the direction of increasing electric potential.

Equipotential lines are always parallel to electric field lines.

Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to electric field lines.

Equipotential lines and electric field lines always point in the same direction.

Equipotential lines and electric field lines are unrelated.