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  1. AP Physics 2 Revised
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How do you calculate the equivalent resistance (ReqR_{eq}Req​) of series resistors?

Add the individual resistances: Req,s=∑iRiR_{\text{eq}, s} = \sum_{i} R_{i}Req,s​=∑i​Ri​

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How do you calculate the equivalent resistance (ReqR_{eq}Req​) of series resistors?

Add the individual resistances: Req,s=∑iRiR_{\text{eq}, s} = \sum_{i} R_{i}Req,s​=∑i​Ri​

How do you calculate the equivalent resistance (ReqR_{eq}Req​) of parallel resistors?

Use the reciprocal sum formula: 1Req,p=∑i1Ri\frac{1}{R_{\text{eq}, p}} = \sum_{i} \frac{1}{R_{i}}Req,p​1​=∑i​Ri​1​

How do you calculate the terminal voltage (ΔVterminal\Delta V_{\text{terminal}}ΔVterminal​) of a real battery?

Subtract the voltage drop across the internal resistance from the emf: ΔVterminal=E−Ir\Delta V_{\text{terminal}} = \mathcal{E} - IrΔVterminal​=E−Ir

What are the key differences between series and parallel resistor connections?

Series: Single path for current, current is the same through each resistor, resistances add directly. | Parallel: Multiple paths for current, voltage is the same across each resistor, reciprocal sum for equivalent resistance.

What are the differences between ideal and non-ideal batteries?

Ideal: Constant voltage, zero internal resistance. | Non-Ideal: Voltage drops with current, has internal resistance.

What are the differences between ideal and non-ideal ammeters?

Ideal: Zero resistance, no impact on circuit. | Non-Ideal: Small resistance, decreases measured current.

What are the differences between ideal and non-ideal voltmeters?

Ideal: Infinite resistance, no current draw. | Non-Ideal: Finite resistance, draws some current, affecting voltage measurement.

How do you calculate equivalent resistance for resistors in series?

Add the individual resistances: Req,s=∑iRiR_{\text{eq}, s} = \sum_{i} R_{i}Req,s​=∑i​Ri​

How do you calculate equivalent resistance for resistors in parallel?

Use the reciprocal sum formula: 1Req,p=∑i1Ri\frac{1}{R_{\text{eq}, p}} = \sum_{i} \frac{1}{R_{i}}Req,p​1​=∑i​Ri​1​

How do you calculate the terminal voltage of a real battery?

Subtract the voltage drop across the internal resistance from the emf: ΔVterminal=E−Ir\Delta V_{\text{terminal}} = \mathcal{E} - IrΔVterminal​=E−Ir