The atomic number decreases by 2.

The atomic number increases by 1.

The atomic number decreases by 1.

Both the atomic number and mass number remain unchanged.

An unstable neutron-to-proton ratio within the nucleus.

The nucleus becomes more stable, with a reduced mass and atomic number.

Beta-minus: Neutron transforms into a proton, emits electron and antineutrino. | Beta-plus: Proton transforms into a neutron, emits positron and neutrino.

Alpha: Emission of a helium nucleus, changes mass and atomic number significantly. | Beta: Emission of an electron or positron, changes only atomic number.

Neutrinos: Emitted in beta-plus decay. | Antineutrinos: Emitted in beta-minus decay. Both are electrically neutral and have nearly zero mass.

Alpha particle: Consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, has mass and charge. | Gamma ray: Is a high-energy photon, massless and chargeless.

Electron: negatively charged particle emitted in beta-minus decay. | Positron: positively charged particle emitted in beta-plus decay.

An unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle ($^4_2He$). The atomic number decreases by 2, and the mass number decreases by 4.

A neutron in the nucleus transforms into a proton, emitting an electron ($e^-$) and an antineutrino ($\bar{v}$). The atomic number increases by 1, while the mass number remains the same.

A proton in the nucleus transforms into a neutron, emitting a positron ($e^+$) and a neutrino ($v$). The atomic number decreases by 1, while the mass number remains the same.

An excited nucleus releases energy by emitting a gamma ray photon ($\gamma$). The atomic number and mass number remain unchanged.

The neutron transforms into a proton, emitting an electron and an antineutrino.

The proton transforms into a neutron, emitting a positron and a neutrino.