#Refraction: Bending Light's Path 🌈

Refraction is the bending of light as it moves between different materials. This happens because light travels at different speeds in different mediums, which is super important for understanding how lenses work and why things look the way they do!

#Refraction of Light Between Media

#Change in Light Direction

• Light bends when it goes from one transparent material to another. Think of it like a car going from pavement to mud—it changes direction!
• This bending happens at the boundary between two materials with different optical densities, like air and water or glass and air. The bigger the difference in density, the more the light bends.
• The amount of bending depends on how much the speed of light changes and the angle at which the light hits the boundary.

#Speed of Light in Media

• Light travels at different speeds in different materials, which causes refraction. It's like running on a track versus running through water—you're slower in water!
• In a vacuum, light is super speedy, traveling at about 3 × 10⁸ m/s. But when it hits materials like water or glass, it slows down.
• The denser the material, the slower the light. For example, light is about 25% slower in water and 33% slower in glass than in air.

#Index of Refraction

• The index of refraction (n) is a number that tells you how much light slows down in a material compared to its speed in a vacuum. It's like a "slow-down factor."
• It's calculated as: $$n = \frac{c}{v}$$, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the speed of light in the medium.
• A ...