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What are the key differences between charging by contact and charging by induction?
Contact: Requires physical touch, results in the same charge. | Induction: No physical touch needed, results in opposite charge (if grounded).
Compare temporary and permanent induction.
Temporary Induction: No grounding wire, like charges move away, opposite charges move towards. | Permanent Induction: Grounding wire, like charges leave the neutral object.
Compare the final charge states after charging by friction vs. charging by contact.
Friction: Two oppositely charged objects. | Contact: Both objects have the same charge.
Compare the movement of charges in conductors and insulators.
Conductors: Charges move freely. | Insulators: Charges do not move freely.
Compare the effect of distance on electrostatic force vs. gravitational force.
Electrostatic Force: Inversely proportional to the square of the distance. | Gravitational Force: Inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
What is Coulomb's Law?
The force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: $$F = k rac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2}$$
Define charging by friction.
Rubbing two neutral objects together, transferring electrons. One object becomes positively charged, the other negatively charged.
Define charging by contact.
A charged object touches a neutral object, transferring some charge. Both objects end up with the same type of charge.
Define charging by induction.
Bringing a charged object near a neutral object, causing charge separation (polarization). If grounded, the neutral object acquires the opposite charge.
What is 'k' in Coulomb's Law?
'k' is Coulomb's constant, approximately $$8.99 \times 10^9 Nm^2/C^2$$
What is the effect of bringing a positively charged rod near a neutral metal sphere?
It causes charge separation (polarization) within the sphere; negative charges accumulate near the rod, and positive charges move away.
What happens if you ground a neutral object while a charged object is nearby (induction)?
Charge will flow between the object and the ground, resulting in the neutral object acquiring a charge opposite to that of the charged object.
What is the effect of increasing the distance between two charges?
The electrostatic force between them decreases (inversely proportional to the square of the distance).
What happens when two neutral objects with different electron affinities are rubbed together?
The object with the higher electron affinity gains electrons and becomes negatively charged, while the other object loses electrons and becomes positively charged.
What happens when the leaves of an electroscope separate?
The leaves of the electroscope separate because they have the same charge, and like charges repel each other.