Electric Force, Field, and Potential

The sphere becomes oppositely charged to the rod after grounding due to electron flow neutralizing similar charges.

The sphere remains neutral because grounding removes any induced charge immediately.

The sphere oscillates between charged states until it reaches equilibrium with its environment.

The sphere becomes similarly charged to the rod since like charges repel from the ground connection.

Waves

Pulses

Quanta

Photons

It remains electrically neutral.

It becomes negatively charged.

It becomes positively charged.

It conducts electricity better.

Polarization

Friction

Conduction

Induction

New electrons are created on one material giving it a negative charge.

Electrons disappear from one material leaving behind positive ions only temporarily.

Electrons transfer from one material to another without any change in total amount.

Protons transfer from one material to another affecting their overall weight slightly.

Solely by exposure to ultraviolet light or high temperatures.

By direct contact with an already charged object.

By being placed near a charged insulator without touching it.

Through rubbing against another uncharged conductor only.

It introduced the concept of charge conservation in closed systems.

It enabled direct observation of electric charge separation and behavior without sophisticated equipment.

It disproved the theory that like charges repel each other.

It allowed for the calculation of exact numerical values for elementary charges.

They proved that semi-conductors are more efficient than traditional conducting materials like copper or aluminum at room temperature.

Superconductors were used primarily as insulators due to their poor conductivity at high temperatures.

They indicated that friction can be completely eliminated from all electrical systems regardless of temperature conditions.

Superconductors showed that materials could conduct electricity without resistance at low temperatures, altering theories on conduction limits.

Friction

Depolarization

Induction

Conduction

One sphere will remain uncharged while the other will have $+4q$.

Each sphere will have a different non-zero net charge that sums to $+4q$.

Each sphere will have a charge of $+2q$.

Each sphere will have a charge of $+4q$.