#AP Physics 2: Quantum, Atomic, and Nuclear Physics - The Night Before 🚀

Hey! Let's get you prepped and confident for tomorrow's exam. This guide is designed to be your quick, high-impact review. Let's dive in!

#Unit 7: Quantum, Atomic, and Nuclear Physics

This unit is all about the really small stuff – atoms, their parts, and how they behave. It's a crucial part of the AP Physics 2 exam, so let's make sure you've got it down!

#7.1: Systems and Fundamental Forces

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. Let's break down what they're made of and how they work.

#Fundamental Particles

Atoms: Stable, electrically neutral, and combine with other atoms.
They emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation with discrete energy and momentum.
Made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Particle	Symbol	Mass (kg)	Charge (C)
Electron	e⁻	9.11 × 10⁻³¹	-1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹
Proton	p	1.673 × 10⁻²⁷	+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹
Neutron	n	1.675 × 10⁻²⁷	0

Fundamental Particles: Electrons, neutrinos, photons, and quarks are the smallest particles that can't be broken down further.
Protons and Neutrons are made of quarks.
Quarks: 6 flavors: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, top.
- Up, charm, top: +⅔ charge
- Down, strange, bottom: -⅓ charge

Memory Aid

Mnemonic: Ups are Upper (+2/3) and Downs are Down (-1/3). Remember that protons are made of two ups and one down, and neutrons have two downs and one up.