Electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit charge at a point in space.

Volts (V), where 1 V = 1 joule per coulomb (J/C).

The electric potential difference ($\Delta V$) is the change in electric potential energy ($Delta U_E$) per unit charge when moving a test charge between two points: $\Delta V = \frac{\Delta U_E}{q}$.

Equipotential lines, also called isolines, connect points of equal electric potential.

Permittivity of free space ($epsilon_0$) is a physical constant that describes the ability of a vacuum to permit electric fields.

It creates an electric potential difference.

Electrons flow from the negative terminal (anode) to the positive terminal (cathode) through an external circuit.

The potential difference between the plates doubles, assuming the charge remains constant.

The electric potential decreases.

The electric potential increases.

Use scalar superposition: $V=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \sum_{i} \frac{q_{i}}{r_{i}}$. Sum the potential contributions from each individual charge.

Use integration, breaking the distribution into infinitesimal point charges $dq$ and summing their contributions.

Batteries use redox reactions to create a potential difference between their terminals.

Integrate the dot product of the electric field ($\vec{E}$) and the displacement ($d\vec{r}$) along any path: $\Delta V=V_{b}-V_{a}=-\int_{a}^{b} \vec{E} \cdot d \vec{r}$.

The electric field points in the direction of the steepest decrease in electric potential.