What is the effect of separating positive and negative charges?
It creates an electric potential difference.
What happens during the discharge of a battery?
Electrons flow from the negative terminal (anode) to the positive terminal (cathode) through an external circuit.
What happens if the separation between two parallel plates is doubled?
The potential difference between the plates doubles, assuming the charge remains constant.
What is the effect of increasing the distance from a point charge on the electric potential?
The electric potential decreases.
What is the effect of increasing the charge on an object on the electric potential?
The electric potential increases.
How do you find the electric potential of multiple point charges?
Use scalar superposition: $V=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \sum_{i} \frac{q_{i}}{r_{i}}$. Sum the potential contributions from each individual charge.
How do you calculate the electric potential for continuous charge distributions?
Use integration, breaking the distribution into infinitesimal point charges $dq$ and summing their contributions.
How do batteries create a potential difference?
Batteries use redox reactions to create a potential difference between their terminals.
How do you find the change in electric potential between two points using the electric field?
Integrate the dot product of the electric field ($\vec{E}$) and the displacement ($d\vec{r}$) along any path: $\Delta V=V_{b}-V_{a}=-\int_{a}^{b} \vec{E} \cdot d \vec{r}$.
How do you determine the direction of the electric field from the electric potential?
The electric field points in the direction of the steepest decrease in electric potential.
What is the difference between electric potential and electric potential energy?
Electric potential: Electric potential energy per unit charge. | Electric potential energy: Energy a charge possesses due to its location in an electric field.
Compare electric potential due to a single point charge and multiple point charges.
Single point charge: $V=\frac{q}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0} r}$ | Multiple point charges: $V=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \sum_{i} \frac{q_{i}}{r_{i}}$
Compare electric field lines and equipotential lines.
Electric field lines: Indicate the direction of the electric force on a positive charge. | Equipotential lines: Connect points of equal electric potential; perpendicular to electric field lines.
Compare high and low spacing between isolines.
Closely spaced isolines: Correspond to a strong electric field. | Widely spaced isolines: Indicate a weak electric field.
Compare anode and cathode during discharge.
Anode: Negative terminal, electrons flow from here. | Cathode: Positive terminal, electrons flow to here.
