It aligns itself with the field direction to minimize potential energy.

Creation of magnetic dipoles.

The material becomes permanently magnetized.

Navigation and protection from harmful solar radiation.

The material becomes strongly magnetized.

Vector fields exerting forces on moving charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. They form closed loops and are produced by magnetic dipoles.

A source of magnetic fields, having both a north and south pole. Isolated magnetic monopoles do not exist.

Materials (like iron, nickel, cobalt) that can be permanently magnetized. Their magnetic domains align in an external field and stay aligned after the field is removed.

Materials (like aluminum, titanium, magnesium) that are weakly attracted to external magnetic fields. Their dipoles align with the field but return to random orientations when the field is removed.

Materials that are weakly repelled by external magnetic fields. This is a property of all materials due to their electronic structure.

A measure of how much a material will become magnetized in response to an external magnetic field.

A fundamental constant representing the permeability of empty space. $\mu_{0} = 4\pi \times 10^{-7} \text{ N/A}^2$

The ratio of a material's permeability to the vacuum permeability: $\mu_r = \frac{\mu}{\mu_0}$

Ferromagnetic: Strongly magnetized, permanent magnets | Paramagnetic: Weakly attracted, temporary magnets

Paramagnetic: Weakly attracted to magnetic fields | Diamagnetic: Weakly repelled by magnetic fields

Electric Fields: Start and end at charges | Magnetic Fields: Form closed loops

Permeability: Related to magnetic fields | Permittivity: Related to electric fields