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Differentiate between open and closed systems.
Open systems exchange both energy and mass; closed systems exchange energy but not mass.
How do individual component behaviors differ from system behavior?
Individual components may have unique behaviors, while the system's behavior is a result of the collective interactions of those components.
Compare symmetrical vs. nonuniform mass distributions in finding the center of mass.
Symmetrical: Center of mass is on lines of symmetry. Nonuniform: Requires integration using \(\vec{r}_{mathrm{cm}}=\frac{\int \vec{r} dm}{\int dm}\).
What is the difference between linear mass density and variable density?
Linear mass density (\(\lambda\)) applies to one-dimensional objects, while variable density (\(\rho(r)\)) applies to three-dimensional objects.
Differentiate between microscopic and macroscopic properties.
Microscopic properties relate to individual components. Macroscopic properties are the cumulative effects of individual component interactions.
Define an open system.
A system that allows both energy and mass transfer with its surroundings.
Define a closed system.
A system that allows energy transfer but not mass transfer with its surroundings.
Define an isolated system.
A system that does not exchange energy or mass with its environment.
What are emergent properties?
Properties that arise from the collective interactions of individual components within a system.
Define Center of Mass.
The average position of all the parts of the system, weighted according to their masses.
What is the effect of increasing the temperature of a water system?
It can cause a phase change (e.g., from liquid to gas).
What is the effect of external forces acting on a system?
The system's center of mass accelerates as if all the mass were concentrated there and all external forces acted there.
What happens when you change the internal structure of a system?
It can alter the system's characteristics without changing its composition.
What is the effect of applying stress to a material?
It changes its internal molecular structure.
What is the effect of modifying external conditions on a system?
It alters the interactions and arrangements of components within the system.