Impulse: Change in momentum due to force acting over time, measured in N⋅s. | Momentum: Mass in motion, measured in kg⋅m/s.

Large force, short time: Results in a large impulse if the product of force and time is significant. | Small force, long time: Can also result in a large impulse if the product of force and time is significant.

Force-time graph: Area under the curve represents impulse. | Momentum-time graph: Slope represents net external force.

Positive change in momentum: Indicates an increase in momentum (object speeds up in the positive direction). | Negative change in momentum: Indicates a decrease in momentum (object slows down or changes direction).

Newton's Second Law: F = ma, applies when mass is constant. | Impulse-Momentum Theorem: J = Δp, more general and applies even when mass is not constant.

Impulse: The change in momentum of an object ($\vec{J} = \Delta \vec{p}$), caused by a force acting over time. | Momentum: The product of an object's mass and velocity ($\vec{p} = m\vec{v}$), representing its inertia in motion.

Force-time graph: Area under the curve represents the impulse. | Momentum-time graph: Slope of the curve represents the net force.

Constant mass: $\vec{F}_{\text {net }} = m\vec{a}$ applies, where mass is constant. | Variable mass: $\vec{F}_{\mathrm{net}}=\frac{d \vec{p}}{d t}=\frac{d m}{d t} \vec{v}$ applies, considering the rate of mass change.

The effect of a force acting over a time interval; a 'push' that changes momentum. Mathematically, it's the integral of force with respect to time: $\vec{J}=\int_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}} \vec{F}_{\text {net }}(t) d t$

Momentum is a measure of mass in motion; it is a vector quantity defined as the product of an object's mass and its velocity: $\vec{p} = m\vec{v}$

The impulse-momentum theorem states that the impulse applied to an object is equal to the change in its momentum: $\vec{J} = \Delta \vec{p}$

The vector sum of all forces acting on a system from outside the system. It dictates how quickly the momentum of the system changes.

The difference between the final momentum and the initial momentum of an object: $\Delta \vec{p}=\vec{p}-\vec{p}_{0}$