Linear Momentum: Associated with translational motion, $\vec{p} = m\vec{v}$. Angular Momentum: Associated with rotational motion, $\vec{L} = I\vec{\omega}$ or $\vec{L} = \vec{r} \times \vec{p}$.

Linear Impulse: Change in linear momentum, $\vec{J} = \int \vec{F} dt = \Delta \vec{p}$. Angular Impulse: Change in angular momentum, $\int \vec{\tau} dt = \Delta \vec{L}$. Both are vector quantities.

Force: A push or pull that causes linear acceleration. Torque: A twisting force that causes angular acceleration.

Mass: Measure of an object's resistance to linear acceleration. Moment of Inertia: Measure of an object's resistance to angular acceleration; depends on mass distribution.

Rotational Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy due to rotational motion, $KE_{rot} = \frac{1}{2}I\omega^2$. Translational Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy due to translational motion, $KE_{trans} = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$.

It changes the object's angular momentum.

Their moment of inertia decreases, and their angular speed increases, conserving angular momentum.

The total angular momentum of the system is conserved.

The angular speed increases to conserve total angular momentum.

It changes the object's angular momentum.

The rotational equivalent of linear momentum. It's conserved in a closed system unless acted upon by an external torque.

The total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external torque acts on it.

A torque applied from outside the system that can change the system's total angular momentum.

The product of the net torque and the time interval over which it acts. Units are $\text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{s}$.

A measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotational motion. Analogous to mass in linear motion.