All Flashcards
What are the steps of neural transmission?
Resting potential, threshold, all-or-nothing principle, depolarization, refractory period, reuptake.
What is the process of a reflex arc?
Sensory neurons detect stimulus, interneurons relay signal in spinal cord, motor neurons cause muscle reaction.
What are the effects of multiple sclerosis?
Damage to myelin impairs signal transmission, leading to motor and sensory problems.
What are the effects of Myasthenia Gravis?
Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors, weakening muscles.
What are the effects of alcohol on the brain?
Impaired judgment, coordination, and memory due to decreased neural activity.
What are the effects of stimulants on the nervous system?
Increased neural activity and arousal, leading to alertness and energy.
What are the effects of depressants on the nervous system?
Decreased neural activity, leading to sedation and relaxation.
What are the effects of hallucinogens on perception?
Perceptual and cognitive distortions, including vivid hallucinations.
What are the effects of drug tolerance?
The brain adapts, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.
What are the effects of drug addiction?
Compulsive use despite negative consequences, due to the brain's reward system being hijacked.
What are the effects of drug withdrawal?
Symptoms occur when stopping drug use as the brain readjusts to the absence of the drug.
What is the all-or-nothing principle?
A neuron either fires completely or not at all once the threshold is reached.
Explain the concept of a reflex arc.
A super-fast, automatic response to a stimulus that bypasses the brain for quick reactions.
What is the role of excitatory neurotransmitters?
They increase the chance of a neuron firing.
What is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
They decrease the chance of a neuron firing.
What is the function of dopamine?
Motivation, reward, and motor control.
What is the function of acetylcholine?
Muscle contractions, learning, and memory.
What is the function of endorphins?
Natural pain relief and euphoria.
What is the 'fight-or-flight' response?
The body's reaction to a perceived threat, triggered by adrenaline.
How do reuptake inhibitors work?
They block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters, prolonging their effects in the synapse.
What is addiction?
Compulsive drug use despite negative consequences, due to the brain's reward system being hijacked.