Controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Modulates arousal, attention, and consciousness; filters sensory info and directs attention.

Processes spatial, nonverbal, and holistic information.

Handles language, logic, and analytical tasks.

Processes visual information, including color, shape, depth, and motion.

Processes auditory information and language comprehension; involved in memory and emotion.

Processes sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain; spatial processing.

Involved in higher-order cognitive processes, voluntary movements, and emotional regulation.

Surgical procedure that severs the corpus callosum to treat severe epilepsy, revealing hemispheric specialization.

The brain demonstrates the ability to compensate and adapt after disconnection.

Involved in emotion, motivation, memory, and hormone regulation. Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala.

Part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing.

Part of the brainstem that helps coordinate movement and sleep.

Brain structure that coordinates smooth, precise movements and maintains balance.

The brain's outer layer, responsible for higher-level thinking.

Connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate.

Area in the left frontal lobe that controls speech production.

Area in the left temporal lobe that handles language comprehension.

The brain's ability to reorganize and adapt in response to experience or injury.

Electroencephalography; measures electrical activity in the brain using scalp electrodes.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; detects changes in blood flow related to neural activity.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; temporarily disrupts neural activity to study brain-behavior relationships.

Allows researchers to control the activity of specific neurons using light-sensitive proteins.

Broca's Aphasia: difficulty producing speech. Wernicke's Aphasia: difficulty understanding language. Both result from damage to the left hemisphere.

Right Hemisphere: processes spatial, nonverbal, and holistic information. Left Hemisphere: handles language, logic, and analytical tasks.

EEG measures electrical activity, good for studying sleep. fMRI detects blood flow changes, provides detailed images of brain activity.

Motor cortex controls voluntary movements; sensory cortex processes sensory information like touch and pain.

Hippocampus is involved in memory formation and retrieval; amygdala plays a role in emotion and social perception.

Both are part of the brainstem. Pons helps coordinate movement and sleep. Medulla controls heartbeat and breathing.

Frontal lobe damage can lead to personality changes and impaired judgement. Temporal lobe damage can lead to hearing loss and language impairments.

PET scans use radioactive tracers to visualize brain metabolism. fMRI detects changes in blood flow related to neural activity.

TMS temporarily disrupts neural activity. Optogenetics allows researchers to control the activity of specific neurons using light-sensitive proteins.