All Flashcards
What is perception?
The process of interpreting sensory information to understand the world.
What is bottom-up processing?
Processing that starts with raw sensory data from the environment.
What is top-down processing?
Processing that uses prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information.
What are schemas?
Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information based on prior knowledge.
What are perceptual sets?
Mental predispositions that influence perception, causing us to see what we expect.
Define Gestalt principle of Closure.
The tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete by filling in missing information.
Define Gestalt principle of Figure-Ground.
The tendency to see objects as either the focus (figure) or the background (ground).
Define Gestalt principle of Proximity.
The tendency to see objects close together as part of a group.
Define Gestalt principle of Similarity.
The tendency to group similar objects together.
What is selective attention?
Focusing on specific stimuli while filtering out irrelevant information.
How is bottom-up processing used in learning to read?
Starting with individual letters, then words, then sentences to understand the text.
How is top-down processing used when proofreading?
Using your knowledge of grammar and sentence structure to identify errors, even if you read quickly.
How do schemas affect eyewitness testimony?
Schemas can cause witnesses to misremember details or add details that fit their expectations.
How can perceptual sets influence medical diagnoses?
Doctors might interpret symptoms based on their expectations or prior experiences with similar cases, potentially leading to biases.
How is the principle of proximity used in website design?
Grouping related items together to make the website easier to navigate and understand.
How is the principle of similarity used in advertising?
Using similar colors or shapes to create a sense of unity and brand recognition.
How does selective attention apply to driving?
Focusing on the road and other vehicles while filtering out distractions like music or conversations.
How can understanding cultural differences in perception improve communication?
Being aware of different norms regarding personal space and eye contact can prevent misunderstandings.
How is the figure-ground principle used in art?
Artists manipulate the figure-ground relationship to create interesting visual effects and illusions.
How can closure be used in logo design?
Creating logos with missing parts that the viewer's brain fills in, making the logo more memorable.
What is the effect of strong schemas on processing new information?
Can cause biases and difficulty in accepting information that contradicts the schema.
What is the effect of context on interpreting behavior?
The same behavior can be interpreted differently depending on the context, leading to misunderstandings.
What is the effect of a difficult childhood on perception?
Can lead to suspicion and distrust of others, affecting how they interpret social interactions.
What is the effect of cultural norms on personal space?
Different cultures have different norms about personal space, which can cause discomfort or misunderstandings in intercultural interactions.
What is the effect of selective attention on memory?
Information that is attended to is more likely to be encoded and remembered, while unattended information is often forgotten.
What is the effect of expectations on perception?
Expectations can influence what we perceive, leading us to see what we want or expect to see, even if it's not there.
What is the effect of inattention on perception?
Inattention can lead to perceptual blindness, where we fail to notice obvious stimuli in our environment.
What is the effect of prior knowledge on perception?
Prior knowledge influences how we interpret new information, helping us make sense of the world but also potentially leading to biases.
What is the effect of Gestalt principles on visual organization?
Gestalt principles help us organize visual information into meaningful patterns, making it easier to understand and remember.
What is the effect of novelty on attention?
Novel or unusual stimuli tend to capture our attention more easily than familiar stimuli.