Cognition

Top-down processing

Bottom-up processing

Parallel processing

Divergent processing

Purely bottom-up processing

Purely top-down processing

A combination of bottom-up and top-down processing

Subliminal perception

Bottom-up processing is solely responsible for understanding the individual components, while top-down processing is irrelevant.

Top-down processing is solely responsible for understanding the overall goal, while bottom-up processing is irrelevant.

Bottom-up processing involves analyzing the individual parts and their functions, while top-down processing uses prior knowledge and expectations to guide the assembly process. Their interaction is crucial for effective problem-solving.

Bottom-up and top-down processing operate independently and do not influence each other in any way.

Sensory receptors that detect stimuli

Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information based on prior knowledge

The process of focusing on specific stimuli while filtering out irrelevant information

The tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete

Bottom-up processing influencing perception

A perceptual set leading to misinterpretation

Sensory adaptation affecting experience

Gestalt principles organizing visual stimuli

Schemas and perceptual sets have no impact on biases and stereotypes.

Schemas and perceptual sets simplify information processing but do not contribute to biases or stereotypes.

Schemas and perceptual sets can lead to biases and stereotypes by causing us to interpret information in a way that confirms our pre-existing beliefs, often leading to overgeneralizations and inaccurate judgments about individuals or groups.

Schemas and perceptual sets only affect perception of physical objects, not social perception.

Context has no impact on perception.

Context can shape perceptions, as the same behavior can be interpreted differently in different settings.

Context only affects perception in controlled laboratory experiments.

Context only influences perception in individuals with sensory impairments.

Cultural experiences shaping perception

Personal experience affecting perception

Gestalt principles influencing perception

Bottom-up processing determining perception

Cultural experiences have a uniform impact on perception across all cultures.

Cultural experiences only affect perception of art and music, not social interactions.

Cultural experiences can shape perception differently across cultures; for example, different cultures have different norms about personal space and eye contact, which can affect how individuals perceive social interactions.

Cultural experiences only influence perception in individuals who have traveled extensively.

Proximity

Similarity

Closure

Figure and Ground