All Flashcards
What is the key idea behind Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)?
Repeated use of a neural pathway makes it stronger, facilitating information retrieval.
What is the Working Memory Model?
A model explaining how your brain actively holds and manipulates information.
What is the Multi-Store Model of Memory?
Memory moves through sensory, short-term, and long-term systems.
What is the Levels of Processing Model?
How deeply you process information affects how well you remember it.
Explain the difference between explicit and implicit memory.
Explicit memory is conscious and declarative, while implicit memory is unconscious and non-declarative.
How does elaborative rehearsal enhance memory?
By connecting new information to existing knowledge, leading to deeper semantic processing.
What is the role of the central executive in working memory?
It controls attention and coordinates the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
What is the capacity and duration of short-term memory?
Limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items) and short duration (about 20 seconds).
What is the main difference between working memory and short-term memory?
Working memory is an active system for processing information, while short-term memory is just a temporary storage.
What is the effect of semantic processing on memory?
Leads to stronger and longer-lasting memories due to deeper encoding of meaning.
What is the role of the episodic buffer in working memory?
It integrates information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory into a single, unified representation.
What is Explicit Memory?
Memories you can consciously recall and explain.
What is Episodic Memory?
Memory of specific events and personal experiences.
What is Semantic Memory?
General knowledge base; facts and concepts.
What is Implicit Memory?
Unconscious memories; hard to explain.
What is Procedural Memory?
Memory for skills and habits.
What is Prospective Memory?
Memory for future actions.
What is Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)?
Strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons through frequent activation.
What is the Central Executive?
The component of working memory that controls attention and coordinates other components.
What is the Phonological Loop?
The component of working memory that processes and stores verbal and auditory information.
What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad?
The component of working memory that processes and stores visual and spatial information.
What is the Episodic Buffer?
Integrates information from other working memory components into a unified representation.
What is Sensory Memory?
A very brief holding area for sensory input.
What is Iconic Memory?
Visual sensory memory.
What is Echoic Memory?
Auditory sensory memory.
What is Short-Term Memory?
Temporary storage for information you're actively using.
What is Long-Term Memory?
Storage of vast amounts of information for extended periods.
What is Automatic Processing?
Processing that happens without conscious effort.
What is Effortful Processing?
Processing that requires attention and cognitive resources.
What is Elaborative Rehearsal?
Connecting new information to existing knowledge to facilitate deep processing.
What is the effect of frequent activation of neural pathways?
Strengthens synaptic connections through Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
What is the effect of deeper processing on memory?
Leads to stronger and longer-lasting memories.
What is the effect of damage to the central executive?
Impaired control of attention and coordination of working memory components.
What is the effect of limited attention on encoding?
Results in shallow processing and weaker memory formation.
What is the effect of rehearsal on short-term memory?
Maintains information in short-term memory, but doesn't necessarily transfer it to long-term memory.
What is the effect of elaborative rehearsal on long-term memory?
Enhances long-term memory by creating meaningful connections and deeper processing.
What is the effect of distraction on working memory?
Reduces the capacity to hold and manipulate information, impairing cognitive performance.
What is the effect of sleep on memory consolidation?
Sleep facilitates the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory, improving memory retention.
What is the effect of stress on memory retrieval?
High levels of stress can impair memory retrieval, making it difficult to access stored information.
What is the effect of aging on working memory?
Working memory capacity tends to decline with age, affecting cognitive abilities.