All Flashcards
What is the g factor?
A single general intelligence that influences all cognitive tasks.
Define multiple intelligences.
The theory that individuals have different strengths and weaknesses across various areas like linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial.
What is analytical intelligence?
Problem-solving skills.
Define creative intelligence.
Novel thinking and innovation.
What is practical intelligence?
Applying knowledge to real-world situations.
Define standardization in testing.
Ensuring consistent test administration and scoring.
What is validity in psychological testing?
Does the test measure what it's supposed to measure?
Define construct validity.
Does the test capture the intended concept?
What is predictive validity?
Does the test predict future outcomes?
Define reliability in testing.
Are the results consistent over time and across different parts of the test?
What are norms in psychological testing?
Standardized scores that allow for comparisons between individuals and groups.
Define stereotype threat.
The fear of confirming negative stereotypes can hurt performance.
What is the Flynn effect?
IQ scores have been increasing over time.
Define achievement tests.
Measure what you've already learned (e.g., reading, math).
Define aptitude tests.
Predict future performance (e.g., SAT, LSAT).
What is a fixed mindset?
Intelligence is seen as an innate, unchangeable trait.
Define growth mindset.
Intelligence can be developed through effort and learning.
Compare Spearman's g factor and Gardner's multiple intelligences.
Spearman proposed a single general intelligence (g factor), while Gardner argued for multiple independent intelligences.
Compare achievement tests and aptitude tests.
Achievement tests measure what you've already learned, while aptitude tests predict future performance.
Compare a fixed mindset and a growth mindset.
A fixed mindset sees intelligence as unchangeable, while a growth mindset believes intelligence can be developed through effort.
Compare construct validity and predictive validity.
Construct validity assesses whether a test measures the intended concept, while predictive validity assesses whether it predicts future outcomes.
Compare stereotype threat and stereotype lift.
Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming negative stereotypes, while stereotype lift is a performance boost from positive stereotypes.
Compare the Stanford-Binet test and Wechsler scales.
The Stanford-Binet test used to calculate IQ by dividing mental age by chronological age, while Wechsler scales compare performance to age-based norms.
Compare analytical intelligence and practical intelligence.
Analytical intelligence involves problem-solving skills, while practical intelligence involves applying knowledge to real-world situations.
Compare reliability and validity in testing.
Reliability refers to the consistency of test results, while validity refers to whether the test measures what it's supposed to measure.
Compare the impact of cultural bias and socioeconomic disparities on IQ scores.
Cultural bias can lead to unfair assessments of intelligence, while socioeconomic disparities can limit access to resources that support cognitive development.
Compare the use of IQ scores in education and employment.
In education, IQ scores are used to identify students who need extra support, while in employment, they are used to assess job-related skills.
Explain Spearman's g factor theory.
A single, overarching intelligence affects performance across all cognitive tasks.
Explain Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
Individuals have different strengths and weaknesses across various areas (verbal, mathematical, musical).
What are the three types of intelligence in Sternberg's Triarchic Theory?
Analytical, Creative, and Practical intelligence.
What are the broad abilities in the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory?
Fluid reasoning and crystallized knowledge.
Describe the purpose of IQ tests.
Often used in education to identify students who might need extra support or who are gifted.
Why are IQ tests criticized for cultural bias?
Cultural bias can affect scores, leading to unfair assessments of intelligence across different cultural groups.
Explain stereotype lift.
Performance boost from positive stereotypes, which can unfairly advantage certain groups.
What are culturally responsive assessments?
Aim to reduce bias by considering language, content, and norms relevant to the test-taker's background.
What are some causes of the Flynn Effect?
Improved education, better nutrition, more stimulating environments, and higher socioeconomic status.
Why is it important to consider within-group variation in IQ scores?
IQ scores vary more within groups than between them, emphasizing the importance of individual differences.
Why is using IQ scores for high-stakes decisions controversial?
Due to the tests' limitations and potential for bias, it's controversial.
Explain the difference between achievement and aptitude tests.
Achievement tests measure what you've already learned, while aptitude tests predict future performance.
What is the impact of promoting a growth mindset?
Leads to increased motivation and better academic outcomes.