Cognition

A measure of practical intelligence.

A single general ability that influences performance on many cognitive tasks.

The ability to solve novel problems.

A range of independent intellectual abilities.

Spearman's '$g$ factor' theory

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Sternberg's triarchic theory

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory

Analytical intelligence

Creative intelligence

Practical intelligence

Fluid intelligence

That the test measures what it is supposed to measure.

That the test yields consistent results over time.

Consistent test administration and scoring.

The test accurately predicts future outcomes.

Validity refers to the consistency of test results, while reliability refers to whether the test measures what it intends to measure.

Validity refers to whether the test measures what it intends to measure, while reliability refers to the consistency of test results.

Validity and reliability are interchangeable terms that both refer to the accuracy of a test.

Validity is only important for achievement tests, while reliability is only important for aptitude tests.

Construct validity

Content validity

Predictive validity

Face validity

Improved performance due to positive stereotypes.

Reduced performance due to fear of confirming negative stereotypes.

Consistent performance across different cultural groups.

Unawareness of cultural stereotypes.

By providing an unfair advantage to certain cultural groups.

By accurately reflecting innate intelligence differences between groups.

By leading to lower scores for individuals from minority cultures due to unfamiliarity with test content.

By eliminating all group differences in intelligence scores.

The decrease in average IQ scores over time.

The increase in average IQ scores over time.

The effect of stereotype threat on test performance.

The impact of genetics on intelligence.

Higher socioeconomic status always leads to higher IQ scores.

Socioeconomic status has no impact on IQ scores.

Factors like poverty and educational inequalities can negatively impact IQ scores.

IQ scores determine socioeconomic status.