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Compare authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles.
Authoritarian is strict with low warmth; authoritative is strict with high warmth and encouragement of independence.
Compare secure and avoidant attachment styles.
Secure attachment involves trust and comfort; avoidant attachment involves indifference to the caregiver.
Compare individualistic and collectivistic cultures.
Individualistic emphasizes independence; collectivistic emphasizes family and community.
Compare identity achievement and identity diffusion.
Identity achievement involves exploration and commitment; identity diffusion involves a lack of both.
Compare the imaginary audience and personal fable.
Imaginary audience is the belief that others are constantly watching; personal fable is the belief in one's uniqueness and invincibility.
Compare intimacy vs. isolation and generativity vs. stagnation.
Intimacy vs. isolation focuses on forming close relationships; generativity vs. stagnation focuses on contributing to future generations.
Compare anxious and disorganized attachment styles.
Anxious attachment involves distress upon separation; disorganized attachment involves contradictory behaviors, often due to abuse.
Compare Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust and Integrity vs. Despair stages.
Trust vs. Mistrust occurs in infancy and focuses on developing a sense of safety; Integrity vs. Despair occurs in late adulthood and involves reflecting on life.
Compare identity foreclosure and identity moratorium.
Identity foreclosure involves premature commitment without exploration; identity moratorium involves active exploration without commitment.
Compare the microsystem and the macrosystem.
Microsystem involves direct interactions; macrosystem involves broader cultural context.
What is Ecological Systems Theory?
Explains how our social environment shapes us through interconnected systems (micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono).
Explain the concept of 'social clock'.
Culture shapes the timing of adult milestones (leaving home, marriage, parenthood).
What is the main idea behind Erikson's theory?
We navigate psychosocial conflicts at each stage of life, resolving them to develop healthily.
What are ACEs and why are they important?
Adverse Childhood Experiences (abuse, neglect) can lead to difficulties forming secure attachments and healthy relationships later in life.
What is the 'imaginary audience'?
A component of adolescent egocentrism; feeling self-conscious about minor flaws because one believes they are constantly observed.
What is the 'personal fable'?
A component of adolescent egocentrism; belief in their own uniqueness and invincibility.
What is the significance of Harlow's monkey studies?
Demonstrated that comfort is more important than food in forming attachments.
How do individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ?
Individualistic cultures focus on independence, while collectivistic cultures focus on family and community.
What are 'possible selves'?
Imagined future identities that guide decision-making; positive selves motivate, negative selves deter.
How does temperament affect attachment?
Innate personality traits can influence the type of attachment a child forms with their caregiver.
What is separation anxiety?
Normal stage (8-18 months) where kids fear being away from caregivers or around strangers.
What are the stages of play development?
Parallel play, cooperative play, pretend play.
What are the stages of Erikson's psychosocial development in childhood?
Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion.
What are the stages of Erikson's psychosocial development in adulthood?
Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair.