All Flashcards
Compare stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.
Generalization involves responding to similar stimuli, while discrimination involves responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus.
Compare habituation and extinction.
Habituation is a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, while extinction is the disappearance of a conditioned response due to the absence of the UCS.
Compare classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning involves learning through association of stimuli, while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences of behavior.
Give a real-world example of classical conditioning in advertising.
Pairing a product (NS) with attractive people or enjoyable music (UCS) to create a positive association (CR).
How can classical conditioning explain taste aversions in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy (UCS) causes nausea (UCR). If a patient eats a certain food (NS) before chemo, they may develop a taste aversion (CR) to that food (CS).
How is counterconditioning used to treat phobias?
Pairing the feared stimulus (CS) with a relaxing or positive stimulus (UCS) to reduce the fear response (CR).
How can classical conditioning be used to train pets?
Pairing a command (NS) with a treat or praise (UCS) to create a conditioned response (CR) of obedience to the command (CS).
Give an example of how classical conditioning can lead to anxiety.
A person experiences a panic attack (UCR) in a specific location (UCS). The location (CS) can then trigger anxiety (CR).
What is the effect of repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS?
Extinction occurs, leading to a gradual weakening and disappearance of the CR.
What is the impact of stimulus generalization?
Responding to similar stimuli can lead to both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors, such as fearing all dogs after being bitten by one.
What is the effect of forward conditioning?
It is the most effective method for establishing a conditioned response.
What is the effect of biological preparedness on learning?
Organisms are more likely to quickly learn associations that are crucial for survival, such as taste aversions.
What is the effect of counterconditioning on phobias?
It can reduce or eliminate phobic responses by replacing negative associations with positive ones.