All Flashcards
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
The natural response to the UCS.
What is a Neutral Stimulus (NS)?
A stimulus that initially does not trigger a response.
What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
The previously neutral stimulus that, after pairing with the UCS, now triggers a response.
What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?
The learned response to the CS.
Define acquisition in classical conditioning.
The initial stage of learning where an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is formed.
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.
Define stimulus generalization.
Responding to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
Define stimulus discrimination.
The ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond only to the specific conditioned stimulus.
What is higher-order conditioning?
Using a conditioned stimulus as an unconditioned stimulus to condition a new neutral stimulus.
Define counterconditioning.
Pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus that elicits an opposite response.
What is taste aversion?
A strong dislike for a particular food that has been associated with nausea or vomiting.
What is habituation?
The process of becoming accustomed to a stimulus and noticing it less and less over time.
What are the steps in classical conditioning?
- Identify UCS and UCR. 2. Pair NS with UCS. 3. NS becomes CS. 4. CS elicits CR.
What is the process of extinction?
Repeatedly present the CS without the UCS, leading to a gradual decrease in the CR.
What is the process of spontaneous recovery?
After extinction, a period of rest occurs, and then the CS is presented again, leading to the reappearance of the CR.
What is the effect of repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS?
Extinction occurs, leading to a gradual weakening and disappearance of the CR.
What is the impact of stimulus generalization?
Responding to similar stimuli can lead to both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors, such as fearing all dogs after being bitten by one.
What is the effect of forward conditioning?
It is the most effective method for establishing a conditioned response.
What is the effect of biological preparedness on learning?
Organisms are more likely to quickly learn associations that are crucial for survival, such as taste aversions.
What is the effect of counterconditioning on phobias?
It can reduce or eliminate phobic responses by replacing negative associations with positive ones.