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What is the effect of repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS?
Extinction occurs, leading to a gradual weakening and disappearance of the CR.
What is the impact of stimulus generalization?
Responding to similar stimuli can lead to both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors, such as fearing all dogs after being bitten by one.
What is the effect of forward conditioning?
It is the most effective method for establishing a conditioned response.
What is the effect of biological preparedness on learning?
Organisms are more likely to quickly learn associations that are crucial for survival, such as taste aversions.
What is the effect of counterconditioning on phobias?
It can reduce or eliminate phobic responses by replacing negative associations with positive ones.
Compare stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.
Generalization involves responding to similar stimuli, while discrimination involves responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus.
Compare habituation and extinction.
Habituation is a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, while extinction is the disappearance of a conditioned response due to the absence of the UCS.
Compare classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning involves learning through association of stimuli, while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences of behavior.
What are the steps in classical conditioning?
1. Identify UCS and UCR. 2. Pair NS with UCS. 3. NS becomes CS. 4. CS elicits CR.
What is the process of extinction?
Repeatedly present the CS without the UCS, leading to a gradual decrease in the CR.
What is the process of spontaneous recovery?
After extinction, a period of rest occurs, and then the CS is presented again, leading to the reappearance of the CR.