All Flashcards
Compare positive and negative reinforcement.
Both increase behavior; positive reinforcement adds something desirable, negative reinforcement removes something undesirable.
Compare positive and negative punishment.
Both decrease behavior; positive punishment adds something undesirable, negative punishment removes something desirable.
Compare fixed-interval and variable-interval schedules.
Fixed-interval has predictable timing, variable-interval has unpredictable timing; variable-interval produces steadier response rates.
Compare fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules.
Fixed-ratio has a set number of responses, variable-ratio has a varying number; variable-ratio produces higher response rates and is more resistant to extinction.
Compare reinforcement and punishment in terms of their effect on behavior.
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Compare shaping and chaining.
Shaping reinforces successive approximations of a single behavior. Chaining involves linking together separate behaviors into a sequence.
What is the effect of continuous reinforcement on extinction?
Leads to rapid extinction when reinforcement stops.
What is the effect of variable-ratio schedules on behavior?
Produces high and consistent rates of responding.
What are the potential effects of using punishment frequently?
Fear, anxiety, aggression, and suppressed behavior.
How does accidental reinforcement cause superstitious behavior?
It creates a perceived relationship between a behavior and an outcome, even if none exists.
How does lack of control lead to learned helplessness?
Believing that one's actions have no effect on outcomes leads to reduced effort and motivation.
What is the effect of immediate reinforcement vs. delayed reinforcement?
Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement.
How can positive reinforcement impact intrinsic motivation?
Overuse of external rewards may decrease intrinsic motivation.
What is the effect of inconsistent punishment?
Inconsistent punishment is ineffective and can lead to confusion.
What is Operant Conditioning?
Learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences.
What is the Law of Effect?
Behaviors with good outcomes are more likely to be repeated, those with bad outcomes less likely.
What is Reinforcement?
Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.
What is Punishment?
Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
What are Primary Reinforcers?
Innately rewarding stimuli like food or water.
What are Secondary Reinforcers?
Learned rewards, such as money or praise.
What is Reinforcement Discrimination?
Responding only to specific stimuli, not others.
What is Reinforcement Generalization?
Responding to similar stimuli as the original reinforced stimulus.
What is Shaping?
Gradually molding behavior by rewarding steps towards the desired behavior.
What is Instinctive Drift?
The tendency for animals to revert to their natural behaviors, even when trained.
What is Superstitious Behavior?
A false connection between a behavior and outcome due to accidental reinforcement.
What is Learned Helplessness?
Learning that one has no control over negative events, leading to a lack of effort.
What is Continuous Reinforcement?
Reinforcement after every correct behavior.
What is Partial Reinforcement?
Reinforcement given intermittently, not after every behavior.