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What is the effect of observing a model being rewarded?
Increased likelihood of imitating the model's behavior (vicarious reinforcement).
What is the effect of observing a model being punished?
Decreased likelihood of imitating the model's behavior (vicarious punishment).
What causes insight learning?
A mental restructuring of the problem, leading to a sudden understanding of the solution.
What is the effect of exploring an environment without reward?
The development of a cognitive map, which can be used later when a reward is introduced (latent learning).
What is the effect of identifying with a model?
Increased likelihood of imitating the model's behavior due to a sense of connection and shared characteristics.
What is the effect of shared cultural background on modeling?
Increases the likelihood of copying a model's behavior because it seems more appropriate.
What is the effect of suddenly solving a problem through a mental restructuring?
Insight learning, characterized by an 'aha!' moment.
What is the effect of learning without immediate reinforcement?
Latent learning, where knowledge is hidden until needed.
What is the cause of celebrity endorsements being effective?
People see celebrities as prestigious models, increasing the likelihood of purchasing the endorsed product.
What is the effect of praise on behavior?
Increases the likelihood of repeating the behavior that was praised.
Explain the role of model characteristics in observational learning.
We are more likely to imitate models who are similar to us, competent, powerful, or prestigious.
How does model similarity affect behavior copying?
The more similar a model is to us (e.g., age, gender, culture), the more likely we are to copy their behavior.
What is the key difference between insight learning and operant conditioning?
Insight learning involves a sudden realization, while operant conditioning involves gradual learning through trial and error.
How does latent learning demonstrate the role of cognition in learning?
It shows that learning can occur without immediate reinforcement or motivation, indicating a cognitive process of information acquisition.
Explain the concept of vicarious reinforcement.
Learning by observing someone else being rewarded for a behavior, which increases the likelihood of imitating that behavior.
Explain the concept of vicarious punishment.
Learning by observing someone else being punished for a behavior, which decreases the likelihood of imitating that behavior.
What role does understanding play in social learning?
Social learning is not just about mimicking; it's about understanding the consequences of actions through observation.
What did Kohler's chimps demonstrate?
Insight learning by stacking boxes to reach bananas.
What did Tolman's rats demonstrate?
Latent learning by exploring mazes without rewards but quickly finding the food when it was introduced.
Why are cognitive maps important?
They are mental representations of spaces that allow navigation and understanding of the environment.
How does social learning theory explain celebrity endorsements?
We see celebrities as prestigious models and are more likely to purchase products they endorse.
How can vicarious reinforcement be used in education?
Teachers can praise students who demonstrate desired behaviors to encourage other students to imitate those behaviors.
Give an example of latent learning in everyday life.
Learning the layout of your neighborhood by walking around, even if you don't actively try to memorize it.
How can insight learning be facilitated in problem-solving?
By encouraging individuals to consider different perspectives and restructure their understanding of the problem.
How is observational learning used in therapy?
Modeling appropriate behaviors for clients to imitate and learn from.
How can latent learning affect decision-making?
Prior experiences and passively acquired knowledge can influence choices even when not consciously recalled.
In what way does insight learning apply to creative problem-solving?
It allows for sudden breakthroughs and novel solutions by restructuring the problem.
How can understanding cognitive maps improve urban planning?
By designing spaces that are easy to navigate and remember, improving the user experience.
How does vicarious punishment affect parenting?
Parents can teach children by showing them the consequences of others' actions, such as siblings or peers.
How does social learning theory apply to workplace training?
Employees can learn by observing experienced colleagues and imitating their successful strategies.