Development and Learning

Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning

Vicarious reinforcement

Latent learning

A student studies diligently after receiving a good grade on a test.

A child stops teasing the dog after seeing their friend get bitten by it.

A rat learns to press a lever to receive food.

A person develops a fear of spiders after watching a scary movie about them.

The celebrity's competence and prestige serve as a model.

The teenager's inherent desire to conform.

Operant conditioning shaping the teenager's behavior.

The teenager's latent understanding of social dynamics.

The boy identifying more strongly with the same-gender model.

The teacher not being a competent model.

The boy's lack of exposure to female role models.

The father providing more direct reinforcement.

Shared cultural background making the model's behavior seem more appropriate.

The student's desire to assimilate into the dominant culture.

The successful student offering direct tutoring.

The minority student experiencing stereotype threat.

A student memorizes vocabulary words through repetition.

A chimpanzee uses a stick to retrieve a banana outside its cage.

A rat learns to navigate a maze to find food.

A child learns to ride a bike through trial and error.

Rote memorization

Cognitive restructuring

Classical association

Operant shaping

The student gradually learned the solution through repeated attempts.

The student experienced a sudden mental restructuring leading to the solution.

The student was unconsciously influenced by prior knowledge.

The student received external cues that guided them to the solution.

Learning that occurs through direct reinforcement.

Learning that is not immediately expressed or obvious.

Learning that results from classical conditioning.

Learning that involves trial and error.

A student who knows the layout of their school but only demonstrates this knowledge when giving directions to a visitor.

A dog salivating at the sound of a bell after it has been repeatedly paired with food.

A child learning to tie their shoes through practice and repetition.

A rat pressing a lever to receive a food pellet.