Internal attributions focus on personal characteristics; external attributions focus on situational factors.

Optimistic styles attribute good events to internal factors and bad events to external factors, while pessimistic styles do the opposite.

Actor-observer bias involves explaining our own behavior, while fundamental attribution error involves explaining others' behavior.

Upward comparison is comparing to someone better off, downward is comparing to someone worse off.

Internal locus of control is the belief that you control your own destiny, while external locus of control is the belief that outside forces control your life.

The fundamental attribution error is about judging others' behavior, while the self-serving bias is about judging our own behavior.

Dispositional attributions explain behavior based on internal factors, while situational attributions explain behavior based on external factors.

Optimistic styles tend to enhance motivation, while pessimistic styles tend to decrease it.

Upward social comparison can lower self-esteem, while downward social comparison can raise it.

Students with an internal locus of control tend to perform better academically due to their belief in their own abilities and efforts, while those with an external locus may feel helpless and less motivated.

Better coping with stress because individuals take charge and make things happen.

Beliefs about a partner can lead to actions that confirm those beliefs, positively or negatively affecting the relationship.

We tend to make snap judgments about people's character without considering the situation.

It can lead to feelings of resentment and injustice, potentially causing social unrest.

Attribution biases can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and negative perceptions of others.

An external locus of control can decrease motivation and lead to feelings of helplessness.

Social comparison can either boost or diminish self-esteem depending on the direction and outcome of the comparison.

Increased exposure to a brand can lead to greater familiarity and loyalty among consumers.

Positive expectations from teachers can lead to improved student performance, while negative expectations can hinder it.

Pessimistic attribution styles are associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety.

It usually leads to better mental health and better coping with stress.

It can lead to learned helplessness and less motivation to change.

Liking a brand more after seeing its ads repeatedly.

A teacher's expectations can influence student performance positively or negatively.

By recognizing biases and considering situational factors, individuals can better understand and resolve conflicts.

Students with an internal locus of control tend to perform better academically because they believe their effort matters.

Repeatedly showing an ad can make people more likely to develop a positive attitude toward the product.

If managers believe in their team's potential, they may foster a more supportive environment, leading to higher performance.

People often buy products to keep up with social norms or to feel superior to others.

People may attribute negative behaviors of a group to dispositional factors (e.g., laziness) rather than situational factors (e.g., lack of opportunity).