All Flashcards
What is an optimistic explanatory style?
Good things are internal, stable, and global; bad things are external, unstable, and specific.
What is a pessimistic explanatory style?
Good things are external, unstable, and specific; bad things are internal, stable, and global.
What is upward social comparison?
Comparing yourself to someone who's better off; can be motivating or hurt self-esteem.
What is downward social comparison?
Comparing yourself to someone who's worse off; can boost self-esteem but hinder motivation.
Explain the concept of attribution.
The process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events.
Explain the concept of internal attribution.
Assigning the cause of behavior to internal factors such as personality, abilities, or effort.
Explain the concept of external attribution.
Assigning the cause of behavior to external factors such as the situation, luck, or other people.
Explain the concept of self-serving bias.
The tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors to maintain self-esteem.
Explain the concept of fundamental attribution error.
The tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
Explain the concept of the mere exposure effect.
The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increased liking of that stimulus.
Explain the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy.
A belief or expectation that leads to behavior that causes the belief to come true.
Define Attribution Theory.
How we explain behavior, both our own and others'.
Define Dispositional Attribution.
Explaining behavior based on a person's character or personality (internal).
Define Situational Attribution.
Explaining behavior based on circumstances or environment (external).
Define Explanatory Style.
Your go-to way of explaining why things happen, especially good and bad events.
Define Actor-Observer Bias.
Blaming our actions on the situation, but blaming others' actions on their personality.
Define Fundamental Attribution Error.
Overemphasizing personality and underemphasizing the situation when explaining others' behavior.
Define Self-Serving Bias.
Taking credit for our successes (internal) and blaming our failures on external factors.
Define Locus of Control.
Belief about whether you control your life or if outside forces do.
Define Internal Locus of Control.
Belief that you control your own destiny.
Define External Locus of Control.
Belief that fate, luck, or other people control your life.
Define Mere Exposure Effect.
The more we're exposed to something, the more we tend to like it.
Define Self-Fulfilling Prophecy.
Your beliefs about someone can lead you to act in ways that make those beliefs come true.
Define Social Comparison.
Evaluating ourselves by comparing ourselves to others.
Define Relative Deprivation.
Feeling deprived of something you think you deserve, often based on social comparisons.
How does internal locus of control apply to mental health?
It usually leads to better mental health and better coping with stress.
How does external locus of control apply to motivation?
It can lead to learned helplessness and less motivation to change.
Give an example of the mere exposure effect in marketing.
Liking a brand more after seeing its ads repeatedly.
How can self-fulfilling prophecies affect education?
A teacher's expectations can influence student performance positively or negatively.
How can understanding attribution theory help in conflict resolution?
By recognizing biases and considering situational factors, individuals can better understand and resolve conflicts.
How is locus of control related to academic achievement?
Students with an internal locus of control tend to perform better academically because they believe their effort matters.
How can the mere exposure effect be used in advertising?
Repeatedly showing an ad can make people more likely to develop a positive attitude toward the product.
How can self-fulfilling prophecies impact workplace dynamics?
If managers believe in their team's potential, they may foster a more supportive environment, leading to higher performance.
How does social comparison affect consumer behavior?
People often buy products to keep up with social norms or to feel superior to others.
How can attribution theory explain prejudice?
People may attribute negative behaviors of a group to dispositional factors (e.g., laziness) rather than situational factors (e.g., lack of opportunity).