Social Psychology and Personality
For a researcher interested in exploring cultural differences in attributional styles using diverse populations simultaneously at one point in time, which approach is most appropriate?
Participant observation
Cross-cultural comparison
Single-case experiment
Field experiment
Sarah sees Mark help an elderly person with their groceries and concludes that Mark must be a caring person overall; which type of perception is Sarah likely using?
Implicit personality theory
Personal perception
Perceived social norm
Stereotyping
When observing a friend's failure to complete a project on time, which theory best explains the tendency to overlook situational factors and attribute the failure to personal characteristics?
Self-Serving Bias
Actor-Observer Bias
Just-World Hypothesis
Fundamental Attribution Error
What strategy could help in reducing the fundamental attribution error in social interactions?
Teaching individuals to focus solely on personal characteristics when assessing behaviors
Urging individuals not attribute any reasons behind observed behavior
Promoting the belief that people's actions always reflect their character
Encouraging individuals to consider situational factors when forming judgments about others' behavior
Which scenario best demonstrates the self-fulfilling prophecy?
A teacher expects a student tagged 'slow learner' to perform poorly and treats them as such, leading the student's performance to actually decline.
A driver drives recklessly believing they can avoid accidents and does so without any crashes.
A student studies hard for an examination and ends up acing it against expectations.
An athlete trains hard believing they will win a race and indeed wins it.
When studying how people perceive others based on minimal information, what outcome indicates an actor-observer bias?
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Individuals attribute their friend’s trip on flat ground to clumsiness while excusing your own identical stumble due to unseen obstacles.
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Which design would best evaluate heuristic use in attribution formation?
Participants are given vignettes involving ambiguous behaviors and asked to make quick attributions based on limited information.
Participants engage in problem-solving tasks while researchers monitor brain activity via fMRI scans.
Participants complete personality questionnaires under various environmental conditions.
Participants are observed while interacting socially within a large group setting.

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Which historical shift made Kelly's Covariation Model particularly influential in advancing our understanding within this area?
The devaluation of psychoanalytic theories created a vacuum for his model to fill.
The decline in interest towards evolutionary psychology made room for his model to stand out.
The rise in popularity of behaviorist approaches provided a platform for his model's recognition.
The increasing emphasis on cognitive processes allowed his model to explain complex attribution mechanisms effectively.
In what way might an experimental manipulation reveal self-serving bias differences based on individual achievement orientation?
Administer personality tests measuring achievement motivation; track spontaneous comments about outcomes of daily activities over several weeks without introducing direct tasks or feedback manipulations.
Compare competitive athletes’ self-assessments post-competition with non-athletes’ assessments after academic exams regarding personal performance influences.
Look at past academic records of students to correlate grade trends with internal versus external attributions made during interviews about success/failure causes in schoolwork.
Give tasks varying in difficulty followed by false feedback; examine how high vs low achievers attribute success/failure internally vs externally based on feedback received.
What does it mean when someone uses an external attribution explanation for another's behavior?
They think the person is behaving according to their personality traits
They regard the individual as having control over their actions
They believe situational factors caused the behavior
They feel the person is reacting based on past experiences