Social Psychology and Personality
What potential confounding variable should be controlled when studying how quickly individuals form first impressions based on perceptual cues such as clothing and facial expressions?
Difference in observer characteristics (age, gender, cultural background)
Environmental conditions (location of observation, indoor/outdoor, lighting).
Specific phrasing of questions used to elicit responses related to first impressions.
Time of day which the observation takes place, possibly affecting perception and energy levels.
For a researcher interested in exploring cultural differences in attributional styles using diverse populations simultaneously at one point in time, which approach is most appropriate?
Participant observation
Cross-cultural comparison
Single-case experiment
Field experiment
How does the actor-observer bias relate to the concept of empathy in understanding others' behaviors?
Empathy leads to actor-observer bias as it causes us to attribute our own actions solely based on situational factors.
Both concepts suggest an individual’s ability to understand another person’s perspective, although actor-observer bias often hinders this understanding by attributing others' actions more to their personality than the situation.
Both theories argue that individuals tend not be empathetic towards other people's actions.
Actor-Observer Bias prevents empathy entirely as it is based on judging others harshly while giving oneself leniency.
What does attribution theory primarily seek to explain?
How people interpret and understand behavior
Methods for treating psychological disorders
The structure of the human brain
The process of childhood development
Sarah sees Mark help an elderly person with their groceries and concludes that Mark must be a caring person overall; which type of perception is Sarah likely using?
Implicit personality theory
Personal perception
Perceived social norm
Stereotyping
When observing a friend's failure to complete a project on time, which theory best explains the tendency to overlook situational factors and attribute the failure to personal characteristics?
Self-Serving Bias
Actor-Observer Bias
Just-World Hypothesis
Fundamental Attribution Error
Which experiment would best demonstrate the self-serving bias in attribution theory?
Participants are observed in a social setting without any given task or instructions.
Participants are asked to categorize different types of cognitive biases from descriptions given.
Participants are asked to explain their successes and failures on tests and their attributions are analyzed.
Participants are tested on their memory recall of previously taught material.

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What is likely to occur when an observer overemphasizes the influence of personal traits while underestimating situational factors?
Self-serving bias
Defensive attribution
Actor-observer bias
Fundamental attribution error
What strategy could help in reducing the fundamental attribution error in social interactions?
Teaching individuals to focus solely on personal characteristics when assessing behaviors
Urging individuals not attribute any reasons behind observed behavior
Promoting the belief that people's actions always reflect their character
Encouraging individuals to consider situational factors when forming judgments about others' behavior
From which psychological perspective would a researcher hypothesize that person perception is heavily influenced by learned associations and reinforcements?
Behavioral Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Cognitive Perspective