All Flashcards
Explain the concept of stereotypes as cognitive shortcuts.
Stereotypes help us process information quickly but can be inaccurate and harmful, leading to prejudiced attitudes.
What is the key idea behind the Just-World Phenomenon?
The belief that the world is just and people get what they deserve, often leading to blaming the victim.
How does Confirmation Bias reinforce existing beliefs?
By selectively attending to information that confirms the belief and dismissing contradictory evidence.
What are the consequences of using stereotypes?
Prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviors, stemming from limited exposure and selective attention.
Explain how in-group bias affects our perceptions.
It leads us to favor our own group, often viewing them more positively than out-groups.
What role does cognitive load play in the use of stereotypes?
Stereotypes reduce cognitive load by providing quick, though potentially inaccurate, assessments of individuals and situations.
How does belief perseverance impact decision-making?
It can lead to poor decisions by preventing individuals from considering new information or alternative perspectives.
What is the relationship between implicit attitudes and behavior?
Implicit attitudes can influence behavior without conscious awareness, potentially leading to unintended biases.
How can cognitive dissonance be resolved?
By changing actions to match attitudes, changing attitudes to justify actions, or seeking out supporting information.
Why do people experience cognitive dissonance?
Because holding conflicting beliefs or behaving inconsistently with one's beliefs causes mental discomfort.
What is the effect of stereotypes on behavior?
Stereotypes can lead to prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviors, even unintentionally.
What are the effects of cognitive dissonance?
It causes mental discomfort, motivating individuals to change their actions or attitudes to reduce the dissonance.
What causes belief perseverance?
A desire to maintain consistency in one's beliefs and a resistance to changing one's worldview.
What is the effect of confirmation bias on information processing?
It leads to selective attention and interpretation of information, reinforcing existing beliefs and hindering objective analysis.
What are the causes of in-group bias?
A natural tendency to favor individuals who are similar to oneself and belong to the same social group.
What is the effect of ethnocentrism on intercultural communication?
It can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and conflicts due to judging other cultures by one's own cultural standards.
What are the effects of the just-world phenomenon?
It can lead to blaming the victim and justifying social inequalities.
What causes out-group homogeneity bias?
Limited exposure to and interaction with members of other groups, leading to a perception that they are all the same.
What is the effect of implicit attitudes on decision-making?
They can influence decisions without conscious awareness, potentially leading to biased or unfair outcomes.
What are the causes of cognitive dissonance?
Holding conflicting beliefs or behaving inconsistently with one's beliefs, creating a state of mental discomfort.
What is a stereotype?
Oversimplified, generalized beliefs about a group of people.
What are implicit attitudes?
Unconscious evaluations about others that may not match stated beliefs.
What is the Just-World Phenomenon?
Belief that people get what they deserve.
What is Out-Group Homogeneity Bias?
Seeing members of other groups as all the same.
What is In-Group Bias?
Favoring our own group.
What is Ethnocentrism?
Judging other cultures by our own standards.
What is Belief Perseverance?
Sticking to a belief even when there's evidence against it.
What is Confirmation Bias?
Seeking out information that confirms our beliefs.
What is Cognitive Dissonance?
Mental discomfort when actions and attitudes don't match.