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Give an example of the Just-World Phenomenon in action.
Blaming a victim of a crime because 'they must have done something to deserve it'.
How might Confirmation Bias affect a doctor's diagnosis?
A doctor might only look for symptoms that confirm their initial diagnosis, ignoring other possibilities.
How does ethnocentrism affect international relations?
It can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts due to judging other cultures by one's own cultural standards.
Provide an example of cognitive dissonance in everyday life.
Someone who smokes knowing it's bad for their health might rationalize their behavior by saying 'it helps me relax'.
How can understanding in-group bias help improve team dynamics?
By recognizing and mitigating favoritism towards one's own group, fostering a more inclusive and collaborative environment.
How can recognizing implicit attitudes improve hiring practices?
By implementing blind resume reviews and structured interviews to minimize unconscious biases in candidate selection.
How might belief perseverance affect political views?
Individuals may continue to support a political candidate or policy even when presented with evidence of its ineffectiveness or harm.
In what ways does confirmation bias affect social media usage?
People tend to follow and engage with content that aligns with their existing beliefs, creating echo chambers.
How can cognitive dissonance be used in marketing?
By creating a sense of discomfort in consumers who are not using a particular product, motivating them to purchase it.
How does out-group homogeneity bias affect intergroup relations?
It can lead to oversimplified and negative perceptions of other groups, hindering empathy and understanding.
What is a stereotype?
Oversimplified, generalized beliefs about a group of people.
What are implicit attitudes?
Unconscious evaluations about others that may not match stated beliefs.
What is the Just-World Phenomenon?
Belief that people get what they deserve.
What is Out-Group Homogeneity Bias?
Seeing members of other groups as all the same.
What is In-Group Bias?
Favoring our own group.
What is Ethnocentrism?
Judging other cultures by our own standards.
What is Belief Perseverance?
Sticking to a belief even when there's evidence against it.
What is Confirmation Bias?
Seeking out information that confirms our beliefs.
What is Cognitive Dissonance?
Mental discomfort when actions and attitudes don't match.
What is the effect of stereotypes on behavior?
Stereotypes can lead to prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviors, even unintentionally.
What are the effects of cognitive dissonance?
It causes mental discomfort, motivating individuals to change their actions or attitudes to reduce the dissonance.
What causes belief perseverance?
A desire to maintain consistency in one's beliefs and a resistance to changing one's worldview.
What is the effect of confirmation bias on information processing?
It leads to selective attention and interpretation of information, reinforcing existing beliefs and hindering objective analysis.
What are the causes of in-group bias?
A natural tendency to favor individuals who are similar to oneself and belong to the same social group.
What is the effect of ethnocentrism on intercultural communication?
It can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and conflicts due to judging other cultures by one's own cultural standards.
What are the effects of the just-world phenomenon?
It can lead to blaming the victim and justifying social inequalities.
What causes out-group homogeneity bias?
Limited exposure to and interaction with members of other groups, leading to a perception that they are all the same.
What is the effect of implicit attitudes on decision-making?
They can influence decisions without conscious awareness, potentially leading to biased or unfair outcomes.
What are the causes of cognitive dissonance?
Holding conflicting beliefs or behaving inconsistently with one's beliefs, creating a state of mental discomfort.