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How are antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs) used?
To increase the availability of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain to regulate mood.
How are antianxiety medications (benzodiazepines) used?
To enhance the effects of GABA, reducing anxiety symptoms.
How is lithium used in treatment?
As a mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder, regulating neurotransmitter activity.
How are antipsychotic medications used?
To target dopamine and other neurotransmitters to manage psychotic symptoms.
How is exposure therapy applied to phobias?
Gradually expose clients to feared stimuli, from least to most anxiety-provoking, to help overcome phobias.
How is token economy applied?
Reinforce desired behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards.
How is biofeedback applied?
Using sensors to provide real-time information about physiological processes (heart rate, muscle tension) to help clients learn to regulate these processes.
How is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) applied?
Induces controlled seizures through electrical stimulation, primarily used for severe, treatment-resistant depression.
How can cultural humility be applied in therapy?
Therapists need to be aware of and respect the diverse cultural backgrounds of their clients. This helps build trust and ensures the therapy is relevant and effective.
How is dream interpretation applied?
Analyzing the symbolic content of dreams to understand the unconscious mind. Dreams can be a window into hidden issues.
Compare group vs. individual therapy.
Group therapy provides peer support and social skills practice. Individual therapy offers more personalized and confidential sessions.
Compare typical and atypical antipsychotic medications.
Both target dopamine and other neurotransmitters to manage psychotic symptoms, but atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects.
Compare cognitive therapy and applied behavior analysis techniques.
Cognitive therapy focuses on changing thought patterns, while applied behavior analysis focuses on changing behaviors through reinforcement and conditioning.
Compare DBT and REBT.
DBT combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to regulate emotions, tolerate distress, and improve relationships. REBT challenges irrational beliefs that cause emotional distress.
Compare lesioning procedures and TMS.
Lesioning procedures destroy small areas of the brain, while TMS uses magnetic fields to stimulate or inhibit brain activity non-invasively.
Compare free association and dream interpretation.
Free association involves saying whatever comes to mind without censoring, while dream interpretation involves analyzing the symbolic content of dreams.
Compare aversion therapies and token economies.
Aversion therapies pair undesirable behaviors with unpleasant stimuli, while token economies reinforce desired behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards.
Compare active listening and unconditional positive regard.
Active listening involves fully attending to and understanding the client's perspective without judgment, while unconditional positive regard involves accepting and supporting the client regardless of their actions or feelings.
Compare SSRIs and SNRIs.
Both are antidepressants, but SSRIs primarily increase serotonin levels, while SNRIs increase both serotonin and norepinephrine levels.
Compare psychotherapy and medication.
Psychotherapy involves talking therapy to address emotional and behavioral issues, while medication uses drugs to balance brain chemistry.
Define psychotherapy.
Talking therapy to address emotional and behavioral issues.
Define psychotropic medication.
Drugs that affect mental states and behaviors.
Define deinstitutionalization.
The shift from long-term stays in mental hospitals to community-based care.
Define nonmaleficence.
"Do no harm." Avoid actions that could hurt clients.
Define fidelity (in ethical terms).
Be loyal, truthful, and keep promises.
Define integrity (in ethical terms).
Be accurate, honest, and truthful in all practices.
Define free association.
Clients say whatever comes to mind without censoring.
Define cognitive restructuring.
Identifying and challenging negative or distorted thoughts.
Define exposure therapies.
Gradually expose clients to feared stimuli while teaching relaxation techniques.
Define active listening.
Fully attending to and understanding the client's perspective without judgment.
Define unconditional positive regard.
The therapist accepts and supports the client, regardless of their actions or feelings.
Define tardive dyskinesia.
A potential side effect of long-term antipsychotic use, characterized by involuntary movements.