Biological Bases of Behavior

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Cerebellum

Regulating hunger and thirst.

Controlling voluntary movements.

Regulating the sleep-wake cycle.

Processing sensory information.

Homeostasis

Circadian rhythm

Vestibular sense

Endocrine function

By increasing melatonin production during the day.

By aligning the internal clock with the external environment.

By creating a mismatch between the internal clock and the external environment.

By decreasing sensitivity to light cues.

A person taking melatonin supplements to treat insomnia while maintaining a regular sleep schedule.

A blind individual experiencing difficulty maintaining a consistent sleep-wake cycle due to the inability to detect light cues.

A student who consistently gets 8 hours of sleep each night regardless of their exposure to screens before bed.

An athlete who uses caffeine to stay awake for late-night training sessions.

Delta waves

Sleep spindles and K-complexes

Alpha waves

Beta waves

High-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves.

Brain activity similar to that of an awake and alert state.

Gradual slowing of brain waves with occasional sleep spindles.

Consistent and deep slow-wave activity.

It remains constant throughout the night.

It decreases as the night goes on.

It increases as the night goes on.

It alternates between long and short periods.

Psychoanalytic theory

Activation-synthesis theory

Consolidation theory

Information-processing theory

To resolve unconscious conflicts.

To provide a safe outlet for aggressive impulses.

To process and strengthen memories.

To predict future events.