Structuralism focuses on breaking down mental processes into their basic components, while functionalism focuses on the purpose and adaptive functions of these processes.

Basic research aims to increase knowledge, while applied research seeks to solve practical problems.

The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is measured to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

Longitudinal studies follow the same subjects over time, while cross-sectional studies study different groups at the same time.

Internal validity refers to how well the experiment measures what it intends to, while external validity refers to how well the results can be generalized.

Experiments manipulate variables to determine cause and effect, while correlational studies examine relationships between variables without manipulation.

A control variable is kept constant to prevent it from affecting the results, while a confounding variable is an extraneous variable that does affect the results.

The mean is the average of a set of numbers, while the median is the middle value when the numbers are arranged in order.

Experimenter bias occurs when the researcher's expectations affect the results, while sampling bias occurs when the sample is not representative of the population.

Hindsight bias is the 'I knew it all along' phenomenon, while confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out information that confirms one's beliefs.

Descriptive statistics summarize data, while inferential statistics make inferences from data.

Informed consent is obtained before the study, ensuring participants agree to participate after being fully informed, while debriefing occurs after participation, explaining the study and addressing any deception or concerns.

To investigate the effectiveness of new therapy techniques for disorders like depression.

It helps them create more representative samples to improve the generalizability of their findings.

It ensures that variables are measured precisely, allowing for replication and comparison of results.

It ensures that participant characteristics are evenly distributed across groups, reducing the likelihood of pre-existing differences affecting the results.

Explaining the study after participation ensures participants understand the purpose and any deception used, addressing ethical concerns.

It suggests that employees may increase productivity simply because they know they are being observed, not necessarily due to changes in working conditions.

By recognizing the tendency to believe we knew the outcome all along, we can avoid overconfidence and learn from past experiences more effectively.

By identifying relationships between variables, we can make predictions about future behavior, though we must be cautious about assuming causation.

Researchers must obtain consent from the parents or legal guardians of the children, ensuring they understand the study and its potential risks and benefits.

By using techniques like double-blind studies, researchers can minimize the influence of their expectations on the results, leading to more objective findings.

Measures like mean, median, and mode are used to provide a concise summary of the data, making it easier to understand and interpret.

Techniques like t-tests and ANOVA are used to determine whether the results are statistically significant, allowing researchers to draw conclusions about a population.

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

The idea that knowledge comes from observation and experimentation.

Locke's idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.

Analyzing the mind through basic elements.

Understanding the purpose of mental processes.

Focus on observable behavior.

People act differently when they know they are being observed.

Pure science to increase knowledge.

Practical application of research.

Explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events.

Precise way to measure a variable.

Extraneous variable that affects the results.