All Flashcards
How is applied research used in therapy?
To investigate the effectiveness of new therapy techniques for disorders like depression.
How can understanding sampling bias help researchers?
It helps them create more representative samples to improve the generalizability of their findings.
How is the concept of operational definition applied in research?
It ensures that variables are measured precisely, allowing for replication and comparison of results.
How is random assignment applied in experiments?
It ensures that participant characteristics are evenly distributed across groups, reducing the likelihood of pre-existing differences affecting the results.
How is debriefing applied in psychological research?
Explaining the study after participation ensures participants understand the purpose and any deception used, addressing ethical concerns.
How is the Hawthorne effect relevant in workplace studies?
It suggests that employees may increase productivity simply because they know they are being observed, not necessarily due to changes in working conditions.
How can understanding hindsight bias help in decision-making?
By recognizing the tendency to believe we knew the outcome all along, we can avoid overconfidence and learn from past experiences more effectively.
How is correlation used in predicting behavior?
By identifying relationships between variables, we can make predictions about future behavior, though we must be cautious about assuming causation.
How is informed consent applied in research with children?
Researchers must obtain consent from the parents or legal guardians of the children, ensuring they understand the study and its potential risks and benefits.
How can understanding experimenter bias improve research?
By using techniques like double-blind studies, researchers can minimize the influence of their expectations on the results, leading to more objective findings.
How is descriptive statistics used in summarizing research data?
Measures like mean, median, and mode are used to provide a concise summary of the data, making it easier to understand and interpret.
How is inferential statistics used in drawing conclusions from research?
Techniques like t-tests and ANOVA are used to determine whether the results are statistically significant, allowing researchers to draw conclusions about a population.
Compare Structuralism and Functionalism.
Structuralism focuses on breaking down mental processes into their basic components, while functionalism focuses on the purpose and adaptive functions of these processes.
Compare Basic Research and Applied Research.
Basic research aims to increase knowledge, while applied research seeks to solve practical problems.
Compare Independent and Dependent Variables.
The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is measured to see if it is affected by the independent variable.
Compare Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Studies.
Longitudinal studies follow the same subjects over time, while cross-sectional studies study different groups at the same time.
Compare Internal and External Validity.
Internal validity refers to how well the experiment measures what it intends to, while external validity refers to how well the results can be generalized.
Compare Experiment and Correlational Study.
Experiments manipulate variables to determine cause and effect, while correlational studies examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
Compare a Control Variable and a Confounding Variable.
A control variable is kept constant to prevent it from affecting the results, while a confounding variable is an extraneous variable that does affect the results.
Compare the Mean and the Median.
The mean is the average of a set of numbers, while the median is the middle value when the numbers are arranged in order.
Compare Experimenter Bias and Sampling Bias.
Experimenter bias occurs when the researcher's expectations affect the results, while sampling bias occurs when the sample is not representative of the population.
Compare Hindsight Bias and Confirmation Bias.
Hindsight bias is the 'I knew it all along' phenomenon, while confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out information that confirms one's beliefs.
Compare Descriptive and Inferential Statistics.
Descriptive statistics summarize data, while inferential statistics make inferences from data.
Compare Informed Consent and Debriefing.
Informed consent is obtained before the study, ensuring participants agree to participate after being fully informed, while debriefing occurs after participation, explaining the study and addressing any deception or concerns.
What is Monism?
The belief that the mind and body are one.
What is Dualism?
The belief that the mind is separate from the body.
What is the evolutionary approach in psychology?
Focuses on how natural selection promotes the survival of genes.
Explain Gestalt psychology.
Emphasizes the whole rather than the sum of its parts.
What is a Correlational Study?
Examining relationships between variables without manipulating them.
What is Sampling Bias?
An unrepresentative sample used in research.
What is Experimenter Bias?
Researcher's expectations affect results.
What is Hindsight Bias?
The 'I knew it all along' phenomenon.
What is Internal Validity?
How well the experiment measures what it intends to.
What is Descriptive Statistics?
Summarizing data using measures like mean, median, and mode.
What is Inferential Statistics?
Making inferences from data to draw conclusions about a population.
What is Informed Consent?
Participants must agree to participate after being fully informed about the study.