Structuralism focuses on breaking down mental processes into their basic components, while functionalism focuses on the purpose and adaptive functions of these processes.

Basic research aims to increase knowledge, while applied research seeks to solve practical problems.

The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is measured to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

Longitudinal studies follow the same subjects over time, while cross-sectional studies study different groups at the same time.

Internal validity refers to how well the experiment measures what it intends to, while external validity refers to how well the results can be generalized.

Experiments manipulate variables to determine cause and effect, while correlational studies examine relationships between variables without manipulation.

A control variable is kept constant to prevent it from affecting the results, while a confounding variable is an extraneous variable that does affect the results.

The mean is the average of a set of numbers, while the median is the middle value when the numbers are arranged in order.

Experimenter bias occurs when the researcher's expectations affect the results, while sampling bias occurs when the sample is not representative of the population.

Hindsight bias is the 'I knew it all along' phenomenon, while confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out information that confirms one's beliefs.

Descriptive statistics summarize data, while inferential statistics make inferences from data.

Informed consent is obtained before the study, ensuring participants agree to participate after being fully informed, while debriefing occurs after participation, explaining the study and addressing any deception or concerns.

The belief that the mind and body are one.

The belief that the mind is separate from the body.

Focuses on how natural selection promotes the survival of genes.

Emphasizes the whole rather than the sum of its parts.

Examining relationships between variables without manipulating them.

An unrepresentative sample used in research.

Researcher's expectations affect results.

The 'I knew it all along' phenomenon.

How well the experiment measures what it intends to.

Summarizing data using measures like mean, median, and mode.

Making inferences from data to draw conclusions about a population.

Participants must agree to participate after being fully informed about the study.

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

The idea that knowledge comes from observation and experimentation.

Locke's idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.

Analyzing the mind through basic elements.

Understanding the purpose of mental processes.

Focus on observable behavior.

People act differently when they know they are being observed.

Pure science to increase knowledge.

Practical application of research.

Explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events.

Precise way to measure a variable.

Extraneous variable that affects the results.