All Flashcards
How can understanding research methods help in everyday life?
Critically evaluate claims and make informed decisions.
Give an example of how correlational research is used in marketing.
Identifying relationships between customer demographics and product preferences.
How are experiments used in education?
Testing the effectiveness of different teaching methods.
How can naturalistic observation be used to study animal behavior?
Observing animals in their natural habitat to understand social structures.
How are case studies used in clinical psychology?
In-depth analysis of patients with rare disorders to understand symptoms.
How is random assignment used in drug trials?
Ensuring treatment and control groups are similar at the start of the trial.
How can surveys be used to study public opinion?
Gathering data on attitudes and beliefs from a large sample.
How is the concept of operational definition applied when studying sleep?
Defining 'sleep' by specific measurable criteria like brain waves.
How is informed consent applied in a study on stress?
Informing participants about potential stressors and their right to withdraw.
How can debriefing be used after a study involving deception?
Explaining the true purpose of the study and addressing any concerns.
How can understanding confounding variables improve research on exercise?
Controlling for factors like diet to isolate the effect of exercise.
What is the effect of random assignment on experimental results?
Reduces the likelihood of systematic differences between groups.
What is the effect of a confounding variable on the dependent variable?
It can obscure or distort the true relationship between IV and DV.
What is the effect of experimenter bias on study outcomes?
Can lead to skewed results that confirm the researcher's expectations.
What is the effect of participant bias on study validity?
Can lead to inaccurate data due to social desirability or demand characteristics.
What is the effect of a large sample size on statistical power?
Increases the ability to detect a real effect.
What is the effect of using a control group in an experiment?
Provides a baseline for comparison to determine the effect of the IV.
What is the effect of not obtaining informed consent?
Violates ethical guidelines and can harm participants.
What is the effect of using deception in research?
Requires careful justification and thorough debriefing.
What is the effect of high internal validity on a study?
Increased confidence that the IV caused the changes in the DV.
What is the effect of low external validity on research findings?
Limits the generalizability of the results to other settings.
What is the effect of not controlling for the placebo effect?
May lead to overestimation of treatment effectiveness.
Compare experimental and correlational research.
Experimental: cause-effect; Correlational: relationships; manipulation vs. no manipulation.
Compare naturalistic observation and case study.
Naturalistic: real-world; Case study: in-depth, single subject; general vs. specific.
Compare random sampling and random assignment.
Random sampling: selecting participants; Random assignment: assigning to groups; generalizability vs. causality.
Compare internal and external validity.
Internal: cause-effect relationship; External: generalizability; control vs. realism.
Compare single-blind and double-blind studies.
Single-blind: participant unaware; Double-blind: both participant and researcher unaware; participant bias vs. both biases.
Compare cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
Cross-sectional: data at one point in time; Longitudinal: data over a period; snapshot vs. development.
Compare qualitative and quantitative research.
Qualitative: descriptive; Quantitative: numerical; understanding vs. measuring.
Compare open-ended and closed-ended questions in surveys.
Open-ended: free response; Closed-ended: fixed choices; detail vs. efficiency.
Compare the use of surveys and interviews in data collection.
Surveys: efficient, large samples; Interviews: in-depth, detailed responses; breadth vs. depth.
Compare the strengths and weaknesses of using deception in research.
Strengths: allows study of natural behavior; Weaknesses: ethical concerns, potential harm; validity vs. ethics.
Compare the use of animals and humans in psychological research.
Animals: simpler systems, more control; Humans: complex behaviors, ethical constraints; control vs. relevance.