Scientific Foundations of Psychology

All participants would have disobeyed if they were not in a laboratory setting.

Participants complied due to the unusual lab setting not because humans are naturally obedient to authority.

Humans obey only when there is a threat of punishment from authority figures.

Participants didn't comply, they were simply acting for the experiment.

The act of being observed only impacts productivity if the observer is a superior or authority figure.

The act of being observed always decreases productivity due to increased stress.

The act of being observed does not necessarily increase productivity, but rather the changed behavior is due to variations in task difficulty or complexity.

The Hawthorne effect doesn't exist and has no impact on behavior at all.

Report it through proper channels within the institution or profession for further investigation.

Publicly shame those involved in data fabrication on social media platforms without formal procedure.

Ignore it if the fabricated data supports your hypothesis.

Confront the person fabricating data privately, but take no further action.

Survey

Case study

Naturalistic observation

Experiment

Anonymity

Protection from Harm

Right to Withdrawal

Voluntary Participation

Analysis of covariance adjusting for healthcare access disparities between nations.

Meta-analysis with culturally weighted effect size calculations.

Cross-tabulation analysis using national mental health survey data sets.

Multivariate regression models controlling for socioeconomic status only.

Survey Method

Case Study

Naturalistic Observation

Correlational Study

Cultural differences can lead to different trajectories of psychological development, challenging Freud’s universally applicable stages.

Only children with troublesome childhoods experience these psychosexual stages.

Adults do not bear any lasting effects from their experiences during these stages.

The psychosexual stages only apply to males, not females.

Survey assessing self-reported sleep patterns among students.

Case study focusing on individuals with insomnia.

Experimental method with random assignment.

Naturalistic observation of study habits.

Constructing non-probabilistic convenience samples easily accessible in urban centers, inadvertently excluding remote and marginalized communities outside cities globally and major economies alike.

Determining equivalent stratified random samples reflecting socio-economic status in adequately diverse environments, both urban and rural areas, internationally.

Driving consensus regarding cut-off thresholds of financial resources defining poverty lines consistently applicable in different national economies.

Utilizing snowball sampling starting points in dense population hubs and subsequently branching outward to less populated regions, maintaining representative demographic spread throughout the entire study scope transnationally.