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All Flashcards
What is the effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance?
Sleep deprivation can lead to decreased cognitive performance.
What is the effect of random assignment on controlling confounding variables?
Random assignment helps distribute participant characteristics evenly across groups, reducing the likelihood of confounding variables.
What is the effect of using the new social media app on teenagers' self-esteem (according to the FRQ example)?
Using the new social media app was found to cause significantly lower self-esteem scores.
What is the effect of manipulating the independent variable in an experiment?
It allows researchers to determine if changes in the independent variable cause changes in the dependent variable.
What is the effect of confounding variables on the interpretation of research results?
Confounding variables can lead to incorrect conclusions about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
What is the effect of increased stress levels on academic performance (according to the example)?
Increased stress levels tend to decrease academic performance.
What is the effect of incentives on reading scores (according to the AP Question example)?
Incentives may be related to reading scores, but causation cannot be inferred without an experiment.
What is the effect of controlling variables in an experiment?
It helps to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
What is the effect of a placebo in an experiment?
It helps to control for participant expectations and biases.
What is the effect of using surveys in research?
Surveys allow researchers to collect data from a large number of participants quickly and cheaply.
Define 'External Validity'.
How well can research findings be generalized to other people, places, and situations?
What is 'Internal Validity'?
How sure are you that the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable?
Define 'Confounding Variable'.
An outside factor that influences both the independent and dependent variables.
Define 'Correlation'.
A statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly related.
Define 'Causation'.
The relationship between cause and effect.
What is 'Descriptive Research'?
Research that observes and records behavior.
What is 'Correlational Research'?
Research that detects naturally occurring relationships.
What is 'Experimental Research'?
Research that explores cause and effect by manipulating variables.
Define 'Independent Variable'.
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.
Define 'Dependent Variable'.
The variable that is measured in an experiment.
Explain the concept of 'Correlation does not equal causation'.
Just because two variables change together doesn't mean one causes the other.
What is the importance of random assignment in experimental research?
Helps control for confounding variables by distributing participant characteristics evenly across groups.
Why is validity important in research?
Validity ensures the trustworthiness of research results.
Describe the basic purpose of descriptive research.
To observe and record behavior without manipulation.
Describe the basic purpose of correlational research.
To detect naturally occurring relationships between variables.
Describe the basic purpose of experimental research.
To explore cause and effect relationships by manipulating variables.
Explain the role of a control group in experimental research.
A control group serves as a comparison to the experimental group, helping to isolate the effect of the independent variable.
What is the impact of confounding variables on internal validity?
Confounding variables threaten internal validity by providing alternative explanations for the results.
Explain why experiments are useful to determine causation.
Experiments manipulate variables and use random assignment, allowing for causal inferences.
What is a key weakness of correlational studies?
Correlational studies cannot determine cause and effect.