All Flashcards
Define Informed Consent.
Participants willingly agree to participate after being fully informed about the study's purpose, procedures, and potential risks.
What is Debriefing?
Revealing the true nature of a study and its purpose to participants as soon as possible after the experiment, especially if deception was used.
Define Anonymity in research.
Participants' data and identities are kept private; no one can link responses back to them.
What is Confidentiality in research?
Maintaining the privacy of participants' data and ensuring it is not disclosed without their permission.
Define Coercion in the context of research.
Pressuring or forcing participants to participate in a study; ethically unacceptable.
What is the role of the IRB?
The Institutional Review Board reviews research involving human participants to ensure it's ethical.
What is the role of the IACUC?
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee reviews research involving animal subjects to ensure humane treatment and ethical practices.
Define Deception in psychological research.
Withholding information or misleading participants about the study to avoid bias, only allowed under specific conditions.
What does 'Protection from Harm' mean in research ethics?
Researchers must minimize any potential physical or psychological harm to participants.
Define Ethical Guidelines.
Principles set by organizations like the APA to ensure research is conducted responsibly and protects participants' well-being.
What is the core principle of Informed Consent?
Participants must willingly agree to participate after being fully informed about the study's purpose, procedures, and potential risks.
What are the conditions under which deception is allowed in research?
It's absolutely necessary for the study, doesn't cause significant harm, and participants are fully debriefed afterward.
What is the purpose of debriefing after an experiment?
To reveal the true nature of the study, clear up any misconceptions, and ensure participants understand what happened.
Why is protection from harm a crucial ethical consideration?
To minimize potential physical or psychological harm to participants, including emotional distress, embarrassment, or physical injury.
Why are anonymity and confidentiality important in research?
To protect participants' privacy and prevent their data from being linked back to them without their consent.
Why is coercion unethical in research?
Participants should feel free to withdraw at any time without penalty; pressuring them violates their autonomy.
What is the primary responsibility of the IRB?
To review research proposals involving human participants and ensure they adhere to ethical guidelines.
What is the main goal of the IACUC?
To ensure humane treatment and ethical practices in research involving animal subjects.
Why are ethical guidelines important in psychological research?
They protect the rights and well-being of human and animal participants, ensuring research is conducted responsibly.
What is the balance between potential benefits and potential harm in a study?
Researchers must weigh the potential benefits of a study against the potential risks to participants, ensuring benefits outweigh risks.
What is the effect of deception on participants in psychological research?
Deception can lead to stress, anxiety, and a loss of trust if not handled properly with thorough debriefing.
What is the cause of the establishment of IRBs?
Historical unethical research practices, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Milgram experiment, led to the creation of IRBs.
What is the effect of violating ethical guidelines in research?
It can lead to psychological harm to participants, damage the reputation of researchers, and undermine public trust in science.
What is the cause of psychological harm in the Milgram experiment?
The belief that participants were administering painful electric shocks to others caused significant emotional distress.
What is the effect of informed consent on research participation?
It ensures that participants are aware of the risks and benefits, allowing them to make an autonomous decision to participate.
What is the cause of the long-term harm in Harlow's monkey experiment?
Separation from their mothers and lack of adequate social and emotional support caused long-term psychological damage to the monkeys.
What is the effect of coercion on research validity?
Coerced participation can lead to biased results as participants may not provide honest or accurate responses.
What is the cause of increased scrutiny of animal research?
Public awareness of unethical treatment of animals in research, such as in Harlow's experiments, has led to increased scrutiny.
What is the effect of debriefing on participants who experienced deception?
Debriefing helps to alleviate any negative effects of deception, restore trust, and educate participants about the study's true purpose.
What is the cause of the APA establishing ethical guidelines?
The need to protect the rights and well-being of participants in psychological research.