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What is sensation?
The process where sensory receptors receive stimulus energies.
What is perception?
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
What is sensory adaptation?
Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to constant stimulation.
What is sensory habituation?
Perception of sensation depends on how much you focus on it.
What is Gestalt?
The idea that we organize sensations into a whole or form.
What is sensory transduction?
Converting one form of energy into another for neural impulses.
What is absolute threshold?
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
What are subliminal stimuli?
Stimuli below your absolute threshold that you're not consciously aware of.
What is difference threshold (JND)?
Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
What is Weber's Law?
To perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage.
What are the three steps of sensation?
Receive, transform, deliver.
Describe the sensory transduction process.
Sensory systems transform stimulus energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand.
What is bottom-up processing?
Starts with sensory receptors and works up to the brain.
What is top-down processing?
Constructs perception from sensory input by drawing on experiences and expectations.
Explain the Gestalt principle.
We tend to organize sensations into a whole, seeing the big picture, not just individual pieces.
What is the Figure-Ground Relationship?
How we distinguish a subject (figure) from its background (ground).
Describe the Gestalt principle of proximity.
We group nearby objects together.
Describe the Gestalt principle of continuity.
We perceive continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones.
Describe the Gestalt principle of closure.
We fill in gaps to form a whole object.
What is Signal Detection Theory?
Predicts when we detect a faint stimulus among background stimuli.
Explain the concept of energy senses.
Senses that respond to physical energy like light waves, sound waves, and pressure (vision, hearing, touch).
Explain the concept of chemical senses.
Senses that respond to chemical substances (taste and smell).