Sensation and Perception
If a graph in a research study shows a positive correlation between light intensity and reported alertness, what might be inferred about light as an external stimulus?
Light intensity has no considerable effect on people's alertness levels.
Dimmer lighting conditions are optimal for increasing alertness.
Changes in light intensity cause decreased variability in alertness reports.
Brighter light may contribute to higher levels of perceived alertness.
Who first quantified how changes in intensity must be proportional to the original stimulus for it to be noticed by humans?
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Ernst Weber
Jean Piaget
What phenomenon can most aptly describe why people different cultures often have difficulty distinguishing foreign phonemes from each other?
Cross-modal correspondence wherein senses intersect creating mixed perceptual output confuses auditory distinctions languages
Context effects lead wrong associations words similar pronunciations meanings across language barriers
Enculturation process whereby individuals learn nuances linguistic elements culture leading misinterpretations foreign linguistic structures
Phonemic restoration effect fill gaps missing sounds native tongue biases hearing preventing accurate discrimination non-native sounds
What does the figure-ground relationship explain?
How we detect differences between similar stimuli
How we group different stimuli together
How we detect faint stimuli
How we distinguish a subject from its background
Which principle explains how we distinguish a subject from its background according to Gestalt psychologists?
Figure-ground relationship
Closure perception
Proximity grouping
Continuity detection
What is the minimum amount of stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time?
Subliminal perception
Sensory adaptation
Difference threshold
Absolute threshold
What is the process by which sensory information is converted into neural messages?
Perception
Sensation
Conception
Transduction

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If psychologists did not consider individual differences when applying Weber's Law, what ethical issues may arise?
All studies based on Weber’s law would become invalid and require retraction.
The entire field of psychology would be deemed unethical and discredited,
Patients could sue for malpractice due to improper application of Weber's law,
They might unfairly generalize sensory experiences leading to inappropriate treatments or diagnoses,
What role might top-down processing play when considering cross-cultural variability in susceptibility to optical illusions?
Prior exposure to certain visual environments like carpentered corners may make some cultures more prone to falling for geometric illusions than others who lack this exposure.
Optical illusion vulnerability strictly depends on cortical neuron arrangement which does not differ substantially between cultures.
Visual system structure being identical across humans ensures uniform susceptibility to optical illusions regardless of cultural background.
Genetic predisposition dictates the likelihood of experiencing optical illusions with no significant influence from environmental or cultural factors.
The perceived pitch related to frequency in sound waves is known as what?
Amplitude
Loudness
Pitch
Timbre