Learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive response.

Learning through consequences, where voluntary behaviors are affected by rewards and punishments.

Learning by watching others, also known as social learning or modeling.

Behaviors with good outcomes are repeated; behaviors with bad outcomes stop.

Adding something desirable to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Removing something undesirable to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Adding something undesirable to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Removing something desirable to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Conditioning depends on the cognitive interpretation of whether a stimulus-response pairing is logical and predictable.

Taste aversions are easily conditioned to internal stimuli (like nausea), while pain is easily conditioned to external stimuli.

Reinforcement after a set number of responses.

Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.

Reinforcement after a set time period.

Reinforcement after an unpredictable time period.

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation (ARRM).

A neutral stimulus (e.g., a dog) is paired with a frightening experience (e.g., being bitten), leading to fear of the stimulus.

Using positive reinforcement (e.g., treats) to reward desired behaviors and negative punishment (e.g., taking away a toy) to discourage undesired behaviors.

Advertisements often use attractive or respected models to promote products, hoping viewers will imitate their behavior and purchase the product.