What is Classical Conditioning?
Learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive response.
What is Operant Conditioning?
Learning through consequences, where voluntary behaviors are affected by rewards and punishments.
What is Observational Learning?
Learning by watching others, also known as social learning or modeling.
What is the Law of Effect?
Behaviors with good outcomes are repeated; behaviors with bad outcomes stop.
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Adding something desirable to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Removing something undesirable to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
What is Positive Punishment?
Adding something undesirable to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
What is Negative Punishment?
Removing something desirable to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
What is the Contingency Model of Conditioning?
Conditioning depends on the cognitive interpretation of whether a stimulus-response pairing is logical and predictable.
What is the Garcia Effect?
Taste aversions are easily conditioned to internal stimuli (like nausea), while pain is easily conditioned to external stimuli.
What are Fixed Ratio Schedules?
Reinforcement after a set number of responses.
What are Variable Ratio Schedules?
Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.
What are Fixed Interval Schedules?
Reinforcement after a set time period.
What are Variable Interval Schedules?
Reinforcement after an unpredictable time period.
Define Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS).
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
Define Unconditioned Response (UCR).
The natural response to the UCS.
Define Neutral Stimulus (NS).
A stimulus that initially doesn't trigger a response.
Define Conditioned Stimulus (CS).
The NS becomes the CS after being paired with the UCS.
Define Conditioned Response (CR).
The learned response to the CS.
Define Reinforcement.
Increases the likelihood of a behavior.
Define Punishment.
Decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Define Extinction (in classical conditioning).
The weakening of the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.
Define Spontaneous Recovery.
The reappearance of the CR after a period of extinction.
Define Stimulus Generalization.
Responding to stimuli similar to the CS.
Define Stimulus Discrimination.
Being able to distinguish between the CS and other irrelevant stimuli.
Define Insight Learning.
Sudden realization of a solution to a problem.
Define Latent Learning.
Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement or expression.
Define Cognitive Map.
Mental representation of a physical space.
What are the key processes in Observational Learning?
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation (ARRM).
