All Flashcards
Define Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS).
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
Define Unconditioned Response (UCR).
The natural response to the UCS.
Define Neutral Stimulus (NS).
A stimulus that initially doesn't trigger a response.
Define Conditioned Stimulus (CS).
The NS becomes the CS after being paired with the UCS.
Define Conditioned Response (CR).
The learned response to the CS.
Define Reinforcement.
Increases the likelihood of a behavior.
Define Punishment.
Decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Define Extinction (in classical conditioning).
The weakening of the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.
Define Spontaneous Recovery.
The reappearance of the CR after a period of extinction.
Define Stimulus Generalization.
Responding to stimuli similar to the CS.
Define Stimulus Discrimination.
Being able to distinguish between the CS and other irrelevant stimuli.
Define Insight Learning.
Sudden realization of a solution to a problem.
Define Latent Learning.
Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement or expression.
Define Cognitive Map.
Mental representation of a physical space.
What is the effect of unpredictable reinforcement schedules?
Behaviors are more resistant to extinction compared to fixed schedules.
What is the effect of observing aggressive behavior?
Children are more likely to imitate aggressive behavior (Bandura's Bobo doll experiment).
Compare Classical and Operant Conditioning.
Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses and associations, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors and consequences.
Compare Positive and Negative Reinforcement.
Both increase the likelihood of a behavior; positive reinforcement adds something desirable, while negative reinforcement removes something undesirable.
Compare Positive and Negative Punishment.
Both decrease the likelihood of a behavior; positive punishment adds something undesirable, while negative punishment removes something desirable.