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What causes learned helplessness, and what are its effects?
Repeated negative events lead to feeling like you can't control what happens, resulting in giving up.
What causes taste aversion, and what are its effects?
Pairing food with illness leads to a strong dislike for that food.
What is the effect of positive reinforcement on behavior?
Increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.
What is the effect of punishment on behavior?
Decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.
What is the cause of preparedness in learning?
Biological wiring to learn some things more easily than others, especially if they help us survive.
What is the effect of observing peers with good attendance?
Can improve attendance through observational learning.
What is the effect of observing peers with poor attendance?
Can decrease attendance through observational learning.
What is the effect of variable ratio reinforcement schedules?
High rates of responding and resistance to extinction.
What is the effect of fixed interval reinforcement schedules?
Responses increase as the time of reinforcement approaches.
Compare classical and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses and associations, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors and consequences.
Compare reinforcement and punishment.
Reinforcement increases a behavior, while punishment decreases a behavior.
Compare positive and negative reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.
Compare fixed ratio and variable ratio schedules of reinforcement.
Fixed ratio provides reinforcement after a set number of responses, while variable ratio provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.
Compare fixed interval and variable interval schedules of reinforcement.
Fixed interval provides reinforcement after a set amount of time, while variable interval provides reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of time.
Compare preparedness and instinctive drift.
Preparedness explains why some associations are learned more easily, instinctive drift describes the tendency for learned behaviors to revert to innate ones.
Compare classical conditioning and taste aversion.
Classical conditioning usually requires multiple pairings, while taste aversion can occur after just one pairing of food and illness.
Compare operant conditioning and superstitious behavior.
Operant conditioning involves a real relationship between behavior and consequence, while superstitious behavior involves a perceived but false relationship.
Compare observational learning and classical/operant conditioning.
Observational learning occurs through watching others, while classical and operant conditioning involve direct experience.
Compare unconditioned and conditioned stimuli.
Unconditioned stimuli naturally trigger a response, while conditioned stimuli trigger a response after learning.
Explain the key idea behind classical conditioning.
Reflexes; the organism doesn't choose the response, it's automatic.
Explain the key idea behind operant conditioning.
Choices; the organism actively does something, and the environment responds.
Explain the key idea behind observational learning.
Modeling; learn by watching others, without direct experience of consequences.
What is the role of consequences in operant conditioning?
Consequences determine whether a behavior is more or less likely to occur again.
How does reinforcement affect behavior?
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior.
How does punishment affect behavior?
Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Explain the concept of schedules of reinforcement.
The pattern of how often a behavior is reinforced, affecting the rate of learning and extinction.
What is the importance of understanding the differences between classical and operant conditioning?
Critical for identifying and applying the correct learning principles in different scenarios.
What is the role of biology in learning?
Biology influences what we can learn, some things are easier due to preparedness and instinctive drift.
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus; negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.