All Flashcards
Define classical conditioning.
Learning through association; a stimulus leads to an involuntary response.
Define operant conditioning.
Learning through consequences; voluntary behaviors are reinforced or punished.
Define observational learning.
Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others.
What is learned helplessness?
Feeling like you can't control what happens after repeated negative events.
What is taste aversion?
Developing a strong dislike for a food after getting sick from it.
Define superstitious behavior.
Believing a random action caused a positive outcome, even if it's not true.
What is preparedness in learning?
Biologically wired to learn some things more easily than others.
What is instinctive drift?
Learned behaviors reverting back to natural instincts.
Define unconditioned stimulus.
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Define conditioned stimulus.
An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Give a real-world example of classical conditioning.
Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a bell.
Give a real-world example of operant conditioning.
Doing homework leads to getting a dollar, which makes the student do homework more often.
Give a real-world example of observational learning.
A student starts using a catchphrase after hearing friends use it repeatedly.
How does learned helplessness apply to real life?
A dog repeatedly shocked with no way to escape will eventually stop trying to avoid the shocks.
How does taste aversion apply to real life?
Getting food poisoning after eating a certain dish makes you never want to eat it again.
How does superstitious behavior apply to real life?
A baseball player wears the same socks every game because they think it brings them luck.
How does preparedness apply to real life?
It's easier to teach a bird to peck for food than to flap its wings to get food.
How does instinctive drift apply to real life?
A pig trained to carry a coin might start rooting it with its snout instead.
How can classical conditioning be used to improve student attendance?
Pairing a fun school event (UCS) with the school bell (CS) to create excitement (CR).
How can operant conditioning be used to improve student attendance?
Rewards for perfect attendance (positive reinforcement) or removing a homework assignment for good attendance (negative reinforcement).
Compare classical and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses and associations, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors and consequences.
Compare reinforcement and punishment.
Reinforcement increases a behavior, while punishment decreases a behavior.
Compare positive and negative reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.
Compare fixed ratio and variable ratio schedules of reinforcement.
Fixed ratio provides reinforcement after a set number of responses, while variable ratio provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.
Compare fixed interval and variable interval schedules of reinforcement.
Fixed interval provides reinforcement after a set amount of time, while variable interval provides reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of time.
Compare preparedness and instinctive drift.
Preparedness explains why some associations are learned more easily, instinctive drift describes the tendency for learned behaviors to revert to innate ones.
Compare classical conditioning and taste aversion.
Classical conditioning usually requires multiple pairings, while taste aversion can occur after just one pairing of food and illness.
Compare operant conditioning and superstitious behavior.
Operant conditioning involves a real relationship between behavior and consequence, while superstitious behavior involves a perceived but false relationship.
Compare observational learning and classical/operant conditioning.
Observational learning occurs through watching others, while classical and operant conditioning involve direct experience.
Compare unconditioned and conditioned stimuli.
Unconditioned stimuli naturally trigger a response, while conditioned stimuli trigger a response after learning.