All Flashcards
What causes learned helplessness, and what are its effects?
Repeated negative events lead to feeling like you can't control what happens, resulting in giving up.
What causes taste aversion, and what are its effects?
Pairing food with illness leads to a strong dislike for that food.
What is the effect of positive reinforcement on behavior?
Increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.
What is the effect of punishment on behavior?
Decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.
What is the cause of preparedness in learning?
Biological wiring to learn some things more easily than others, especially if they help us survive.
What is the effect of observing peers with good attendance?
Can improve attendance through observational learning.
What is the effect of observing peers with poor attendance?
Can decrease attendance through observational learning.
What is the effect of variable ratio reinforcement schedules?
High rates of responding and resistance to extinction.
What is the effect of fixed interval reinforcement schedules?
Responses increase as the time of reinforcement approaches.
Explain the key idea behind classical conditioning.
Reflexes; the organism doesn't choose the response, it's automatic.
Explain the key idea behind operant conditioning.
Choices; the organism actively does something, and the environment responds.
Explain the key idea behind observational learning.
Modeling; learn by watching others, without direct experience of consequences.
What is the role of consequences in operant conditioning?
Consequences determine whether a behavior is more or less likely to occur again.
How does reinforcement affect behavior?
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior.
How does punishment affect behavior?
Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Explain the concept of schedules of reinforcement.
The pattern of how often a behavior is reinforced, affecting the rate of learning and extinction.
What is the importance of understanding the differences between classical and operant conditioning?
Critical for identifying and applying the correct learning principles in different scenarios.
What is the role of biology in learning?
Biology influences what we can learn, some things are easier due to preparedness and instinctive drift.
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus; negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.
Define classical conditioning.
Learning through association; a stimulus leads to an involuntary response.
Define operant conditioning.
Learning through consequences; voluntary behaviors are reinforced or punished.
Define observational learning.
Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others.
What is learned helplessness?
Feeling like you can't control what happens after repeated negative events.
What is taste aversion?
Developing a strong dislike for a food after getting sick from it.
Define superstitious behavior.
Believing a random action caused a positive outcome, even if it's not true.
What is preparedness in learning?
Biologically wired to learn some things more easily than others.
What is instinctive drift?
Learned behaviors reverting back to natural instincts.
Define unconditioned stimulus.
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Define conditioned stimulus.
An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.