All Flashcards
What is sensation?
The process of receiving information through our senses.
What is perception?
How we interpret and make sense of sensory information.
What is learning?
The process of acquiring new knowledge or skills.
What is effortful processing?
Requires conscious attention and effort.
What is automatic processing?
Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
What is deep processing?
Encoding based on meaning.
What is shallow processing?
Encoding based on superficial characteristics.
What is metacognition?
Thinking about thinking.
What is explicit memory?
Conscious recall of facts and events.
What is implicit memory?
Unconscious memory of skills and habits.
What is sensory memory?
Brief storage of sensory information.
What is a flashbulb memory?
Vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.
What is semantic encoding?
Encoding of meaning.
What is iconic memory?
Visual sensory memory.
What is echoic memory?
Auditory sensory memory.
What is chunking?
Organizing information into manageable units.
What is priming?
Activation of certain associations in memory.
What is a prototype?
Mental image of a category.
What is a schema?
Mental framework for organizing information.
What is amnesia?
Memory loss.
What is repression?
Unconscious blocking of painful memories.
What is an algorithm?
Step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
What is a heuristic?
Mental shortcut for problem-solving.
What is fixation?
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective.
What is functional fixedness?
Tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions.
What is the misinformation effect?
Incorporation of misleading information into memory.
What is framing?
How an issue is presented.
What is intelligence?
Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.
What is the Flynn effect?
Increase in intelligence scores over time.
What is an IQ?
Intelligence quotient.
Compare effortful processing and automatic processing.
Effortful processing requires conscious attention, while automatic processing occurs unconsciously.
Compare deep processing and shallow processing.
Deep processing encodes information based on meaning, while shallow processing encodes based on superficial characteristics.
Compare explicit memory and implicit memory.
Explicit memory involves conscious recall of facts, while implicit memory involves unconscious memory of skills.
Compare proactive interference and retroactive interference.
Proactive interference: old information interferes with new. Retroactive interference: new information interferes with old.
Compare algorithms and heuristics.
Algorithms are step-by-step procedures, while heuristics are mental shortcuts for problem-solving.
What is the effect of the misinformation effect on eyewitness testimony?
It can lead to inaccurate or false memories, compromising the reliability of eyewitness accounts.
What is the effect of proactive interference on learning new information?
Old information can hinder the ability to learn and remember new information.
What is the effect of retroactive interference on recalling old information?
New information can make it difficult to recall previously learned information.
What is the effect of deep processing on memory?
Encoding based on meaning leads to better retention and recall of information.
What is the effect of chunking on short-term memory?
It allows more information to be stored by organizing it into manageable units.
What is the effect of rehearsal on memory?
Repetition of information aids in transferring it from short-term to long-term memory.
What is the effect of repression on memory?
Unconscious blocking of painful memories can lead to their inaccessibility.
What is the effect of framing on decision-making?
How an issue is presented can significantly influence choices and judgments.
What is the effect of functional fixedness on problem-solving?
It limits the ability to see alternative uses for objects, hindering creative solutions.
What is the effect of biases on thinking?
Systematic errors in thinking can lead to inaccurate judgments and decisions.
What is the effect of the Flynn effect on intelligence scores?
It shows that intelligence scores have been increasing over time.