All Flashcards
Compare Heuristics and Algorithms.
Heuristics are shortcuts, faster but more prone to error. Algorithms are step-by-step, slower but more accurate.
Compare Belief Perseverance and Belief Bias.
Belief perseverance is holding onto a belief after it's discredited. Belief bias is when beliefs distort logical thinking.
Compare Bias and Heuristic.
Biases are systematic errors in thinking, while heuristics are mental shortcuts that can lead to errors. All biases are errors in thinking, but not all heuristics are errors.
What is Fixation?
Being stuck on one way of seeing a problem, unable to consider other perspectives.
What is Functional Fixedness?
Seeing an object only for its typical use, missing other potential uses.
What are Heuristics?
Mental shortcuts that help us make quick decisions, but can lead to errors.
What is Availability Heuristic?
Judging the likelihood of events based on how easily they come to mind.
What is Representativeness Heuristic?
Judging something based on how well it fits our prototype or stereotype.
What are Biases?
Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.
What is Confirmation Bias?
Seeking out and favoring information that confirms existing beliefs, ignoring contradictory evidence.
What is Belief Perseverance?
Holding onto a belief even after it's been discredited.
What is Belief Bias?
When existing beliefs distort our logical thinking.
What is Halo Effect?
A positive impression in one area influences our perception in other areas.
What is Self-Serving Bias?
Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
What is Attentional Bias?
When recurring thoughts influence what we notice.
What is Actor-Observer Bias?
Attributing our own actions to external factors and others' actions to internal factors.
What is Anchoring Bias?
Over-relying on the first piece of information (the anchor) when making a decision.
What is Hindsight Bias?
The 'I knew it all along' phenomenon; overestimating our ability to have predicted an outcome.
What is Framing?
The way an issue is presented, which can influence our decisions and judgments.
What is the effect of Functional Fixedness on problem-solving?
It limits creative problem-solving and the ability to see alternative uses for objects.
What is the effect of Availability Heuristic on risk assessment?
It can lead to overestimating the likelihood of rare events and fearing the wrong things.
What is the effect of Representativeness Heuristic on social perception?
It can lead to stereotypes and inaccurate judgments about individuals based on group membership.
What is the effect of Confirmation Bias on belief systems?
It reinforces existing beliefs, leading to polarization and close-mindedness.
What is the effect of Self-Serving Bias on personal growth?
It can hinder personal growth by preventing individuals from taking responsibility for their failures.
What is the effect of Framing on consumer behavior?
It can influence consumer choices by highlighting certain aspects of a product or service.