All Flashcards
What is Fixation?
Being stuck on one way of seeing a problem, unable to consider other perspectives.
What is Functional Fixedness?
Seeing an object only for its typical use, missing other potential uses.
What are Heuristics?
Mental shortcuts that help us make quick decisions, but can lead to errors.
What is Availability Heuristic?
Judging the likelihood of events based on how easily they come to mind.
What is Representativeness Heuristic?
Judging something based on how well it fits our prototype or stereotype.
What are Biases?
Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.
What is Confirmation Bias?
Seeking out and favoring information that confirms existing beliefs, ignoring contradictory evidence.
What is Belief Perseverance?
Holding onto a belief even after it's been discredited.
What is Belief Bias?
When existing beliefs distort our logical thinking.
What is Halo Effect?
A positive impression in one area influences our perception in other areas.
What is Self-Serving Bias?
Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
What is Attentional Bias?
When recurring thoughts influence what we notice.
What is Actor-Observer Bias?
Attributing our own actions to external factors and others' actions to internal factors.
What is Anchoring Bias?
Over-relying on the first piece of information (the anchor) when making a decision.
What is Hindsight Bias?
The 'I knew it all along' phenomenon; overestimating our ability to have predicted an outcome.
What is Framing?
The way an issue is presented, which can influence our decisions and judgments.
Give an example of Functional Fixedness in problem-solving.
Failing to see a box as a platform in the candle problem because you only see it as a container.
Give an example of Availability Heuristic in decision-making.
Parents fearing letting their kids walk to school because they remember a news story about a missing child.
Give an example of Representativeness Heuristic leading to stereotypes.
Assuming a professor is more likely to have attended an Ivy League school than a truck driver.
Give an example of Confirmation Bias in political views.
Republicans watching Fox News to reinforce their political views.
Give an example of Halo Effect.
Assuming an attractive person has a great personality, even without evidence.
Give an example of Self-Serving Bias.
Getting a good grade and thinking it's because you're smart, but getting a bad grade and blaming the teacher.
Give an example of Attentional Bias.
If you're thinking about marine biology, you'll notice more conversations and information related to it.
Give an example of Actor-Observer Bias.
Littering and saying it's because there was no trash can, but thinking someone else littering is just careless.
Give an example of Anchoring Bias.
Over-relying on the first price you see when negotiating.
Give an example of Hindsight Bias.
Saying 'I knew that was going to happen!' after an event, even if it was unpredictable.
Give an example of Framing influencing decisions.
A doctor saying a surgery has a 10% mortality rate vs. a 90% survival rate.
What is the effect of Functional Fixedness on problem-solving?
It limits creative problem-solving and the ability to see alternative uses for objects.
What is the effect of Availability Heuristic on risk assessment?
It can lead to overestimating the likelihood of rare events and fearing the wrong things.
What is the effect of Representativeness Heuristic on social perception?
It can lead to stereotypes and inaccurate judgments about individuals based on group membership.
What is the effect of Confirmation Bias on belief systems?
It reinforces existing beliefs, leading to polarization and close-mindedness.
What is the effect of Self-Serving Bias on personal growth?
It can hinder personal growth by preventing individuals from taking responsibility for their failures.
What is the effect of Framing on consumer behavior?
It can influence consumer choices by highlighting certain aspects of a product or service.