Cognitive Psychology
Which theory introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance contributing to our understanding of confirmation bias?
Festinger's Theory
Erikson's Stages of Development
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
How does the hindsight bias contribute to overconfidence in our judgments?
It encourages us to always consider alternative outcomes.
It leads us to believe we could have predicted an outcome after it has occurred.
It prompts us to admit errors in our past predictions more readily.
It helps us accurately predict future outcomes.
How might cultural differences influence the prevalence of the fundamental attribution error when individuals assess behaviors in various social contexts?
Equally prevalent across all cultures since it's a universal aspect of human cognition.
More prevalent in individualistic cultures where behavior is often attributed to personal disposition rather than situational factors.
More prevalent in collectivist cultures due to a heightened focus on community and interpersonal relationships.
Less prevalent in high-context cultures where communication relies heavily on environmental context.
In which scenario does an individual most clearly exhibit confirmation bias?
Only seeking information that supports one’s political views while ignoring opposing perspectives.
Recalling only successful outcomes following a decision rather than remembering failures.
Accurately predicting an outcome based on previously observed patterns.
Changing opinions after encountering credible information that challenges existing beliefs.
How would an evolutionary psychologist explain the persistence of belief perseverance even when faced with contradictory evidence?
Neurochemical imbalances affecting cognitive processing
Unconscious childhood experiences shaping adult cognition
Adaptive mechanisms favoring steadfastness despite new information
Social pressures reinforcing conformity over truth-seeking
How does deception, when not justified by significant scientific or humanitarian value, breach ethics in psychology?
It enhances rapport between researcher and participant.
It misleads participants about the nature of the experiment.
It ensures data reliability.
It promotes voluntary participation.
How might a company's board make a riskier financial decision after learning about another company's larger yet unlikely profits from similar risks due to representative heuristic?
Because they calculate potential losses more accurately than gains leading them toward safer investments.
Because personal values influence their decision-making over factual data analysis regarding investments' risks versus rewards ratios.
Because they have overconfidence in individual members' predictions about market behaviors instead of statistical models' forecasts for financial investments outcomes.
Because they view those profits as typical for such investments despite low probabilities.

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What would be the most appropriate course of action when dealing with an individual suffering from acute stress disorder as per Cognitive Behavioural Therapy principles?
Immediate trauma-focused cognitive therapy combined with exposure therapy.
Only medication without any form of psychotherapy.
Induction into rigorous physical activity routines to distract from stressors.
Ignoring symptoms hoping they will dissipate naturally over time.
What cognitive error leads someone to believe they are less likely to get sick from COVID-19 because they don't know anyone who has it?
Self-serving Bias
Availability heuristic
Confirmation Bias
Fundamental Attribution Error
How does understanding the heuristic called availability bias help public health professionals improve communication about rare diseases?
Understanding availability bias cannot aid public health professionals as this heuristic doesn't apply to perceptions about diseases or disorders.
Availability heuristic is irrelevant because it deals primarily with business decision-making rather than health communication about rare diseases.
Availability bias only helps professionals to make faster diagnoses, not improve health communication strategies.
Acknowledging availability bias helps professionals craft messages that counteract people’s tendency to overestimate disease prevalence based on memorable or recent cases, thereby improving health communication accuracy.