Cognitive Psychology
Which theory introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance contributing to our understanding of confirmation bias?
Festinger's Theory
Erikson's Stages of Development
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
What bias tends to lead people to attribute positive outcomes to their own characteristics but blame negative outcomes on external factors?
Hindsight Bias
Anchoring Bias
Self-Serving Bias
Confirmation Bias
What would be the most appropriate course of action when dealing with an individual suffering from acute stress disorder as per Cognitive Behavioural Therapy principles?
Immediate trauma-focused cognitive therapy combined with exposure therapy.
Only medication without any form of psychotherapy.
Induction into rigorous physical activity routines to distract from stressors.
Ignoring symptoms hoping they will dissipate naturally over time.
What cognitive error leads someone to believe they are less likely to get sick from COVID-19 because they don't know anyone who has it?
Self-serving Bias
Availability heuristic
Confirmation Bias
Fundamental Attribution Error
How does the hindsight bias contribute to overconfidence in our judgments?
It encourages us to always consider alternative outcomes.
It leads us to believe we could have predicted an outcome after it has occurred.
It prompts us to admit errors in our past predictions more readily.
It helps us accurately predict future outcomes.
How might cultural differences influence the prevalence of the fundamental attribution error when individuals assess behaviors in various social contexts?
Equally prevalent across all cultures since it's a universal aspect of human cognition.
More prevalent in individualistic cultures where behavior is often attributed to personal disposition rather than situational factors.
More prevalent in collectivist cultures due to a heightened focus on community and interpersonal relationships.
Less prevalent in high-context cultures where communication relies heavily on environmental context.
In which scenario does an individual most clearly exhibit confirmation bias?
Only seeking information that supports one’s political views while ignoring opposing perspectives.
Recalling only successful outcomes following a decision rather than remembering failures.
Accurately predicting an outcome based on previously observed patterns.
Changing opinions after encountering credible information that challenges existing beliefs.

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Which psychological theory critiques the tendency for people to see patterns in random data?
Theory of Apophenia
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Humanistic Theory
When considering why people may fail to consider alternative explanations for behavior besides dispositional factors, what concept best describes this type of attributional error?
Fundamental attribution error.
False consensus effect.
Self-serving bias.
Actor-observer bias.
Why does availability heuristic lead individuals astray when they estimate probabilities?
Because it only affects individuals with low IQs.
Because it causes overestimation based on easily recalled instances.
Because it prevents the use of past experiences for decision making.
Because it forces individuals to ignore statistical data completely.