All Flashcards
Define preconventional morality.
Self-centered morality based on rewards and punishments.
Define conventional morality.
Morality based on social norms and maintaining order.
Define postconventional morality.
Morality based on personal ethical principles and human rights.
What is justice-based morality?
Focuses on autonomy, fairness, and equality, often seen in men.
What is care-based morality?
Emphasizes interconnectedness and relationships, often seen in women.
Define moral reasoning.
The thinking process involved in deciding whether an act is right or wrong.
What is the Heinz dilemma?
A moral dilemma used by Kohlberg involving a man who must decide whether to steal a life-saving drug for his wife.
Define autonomy in the context of morality.
The ability to make independent moral decisions based on one's own principles.
What does it mean for moral stages to be 'fixed in sequence'?
Kohlberg believed individuals progress through the stages of moral development in a specific order, without skipping stages.
Define individualistic culture in the context of morality.
A culture that values personal standards and individual rights, often associated with post-conventional morality.
What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral development?
Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
Describe the progression of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory.
Individuals move from self-centered concerns (preconventional) to social norms (conventional) to universal ethical principles (postconventional).
What are the key steps in moral decision-making according to Gilligan?
Recognizing the needs of others, considering relationships, and avoiding harm.
What is the first stage of moral development?
Preconventional morality.
What is the second stage of moral development?
Conventional morality.
What is the third stage of moral development?
Postconventional morality.
What is the focus of the first stage of moral development?
Avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.
What is the focus of the second stage of moral development?
Gaining approval and maintaining social order.
What is the focus of the third stage of moral development?
Personal ethical principles and human rights.
What is the first step in moral decision-making according to Gilligan?
Recognizing the needs of others.
Give an example of preconventional reasoning in a child.
A child shares toys to avoid getting in trouble with their parents.
Give an example of conventional reasoning in an adolescent.
An adolescent follows school rules to be seen as a good student.
Give an example of postconventional reasoning in an adult.
An adult protests against a law they believe is unjust, even if it means facing consequences.
How can Gilligan's theory be applied to conflict resolution?
By emphasizing the importance of understanding the needs and relationships of all parties involved.
How does Kohlberg's theory apply to the legal system?
The legal system aims to uphold justice and protect individual rights, reflecting postconventional principles.
How can understanding moral development help in parenting?
Parents can tailor their discipline and guidance to match their child's stage of moral reasoning.
How might a teacher use Kohlberg's dilemmas in the classroom?
To stimulate discussions about ethical issues and encourage students to develop their moral reasoning skills.
How can care-based morality be seen in healthcare?
Healthcare professionals prioritize patient well-being and avoiding harm, reflecting care-based principles.
How might moral development influence political views?
Individuals with postconventional reasoning may advocate for policies that protect human rights and promote social justice.
How can understanding Gilligan's theory help in understanding gender differences in communication?
Recognizing that women may prioritize relationships and avoiding harm can improve communication and understanding in interpersonal interactions.