All Flashcards
Compare Kohlberg's and Gilligan's views on gender and morality.
Kohlberg did not initially focus on gender differences, while Gilligan argued that his theory was biased towards a male perspective.
Compare preconventional and postconventional morality.
Preconventional morality is self-centered, while postconventional morality is based on universal ethical principles.
Compare justice-based and care-based morality.
Justice-based morality emphasizes fairness and equality, while care-based morality emphasizes relationships and avoiding harm.
Compare the focus of Kohlberg and Gilligan's theories.
Kohlberg focused on the cognitive process of moral reasoning, while Gilligan focused on the emotional aspects of moral decision-making.
Compare individualistic and collectivistic cultures in the context of moral development.
Individualistic cultures tend to promote postconventional morality, while collectivistic cultures emphasize conventional morality.
Compare the role of rules in conventional and postconventional morality.
In conventional morality, rules are followed to maintain social order, while in postconventional morality, rules are evaluated based on ethical principles.
Compare the influence of rewards and punishments in preconventional and conventional morality.
In preconventional morality, rewards and punishments are the primary motivators, while in conventional morality, social approval is more important.
Compare the emphasis on individual rights in conventional and postconventional morality.
Conventional morality focuses on maintaining social order, while postconventional morality emphasizes protecting individual rights and justice.
Compare the role of empathy in justice-based and care-based morality.
Empathy is central to care-based morality, while justice-based morality emphasizes fairness and equality, which may not always involve empathy.
Compare the long-term goals of conventional and postconventional morality.
Conventional morality aims to maintain social stability, while postconventional morality seeks to promote justice and human rights.
What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
A stage theory describing how individuals develop moral reasoning through preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages.
What is Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory?
She argued that Kohlberg's theory is biased towards a male perspective, focusing on justice rather than care.
What is the focus of preconventional morality?
Avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.
What is the focus of conventional morality?
Gaining approval and maintaining social order.
What is the focus of postconventional morality?
Personal ethical principles and human rights.
What is the main difference between justice-based and care-based morality?
Justice-based focuses on fairness and equality, while care-based focuses on relationships and avoiding harm.
How does culture influence moral development?
Individualistic cultures may promote postconventional morality, while collectivistic cultures may emphasize conventional morality.
Explain the concept of moral relativism.
The idea that moral standards are not absolute but vary depending on cultural or individual beliefs.
What is the role of empathy in moral development?
Empathy, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, is crucial for developing care-based morality and making ethical decisions.
Describe the relationship between cognitive development and moral development.
Moral reasoning develops alongside cognitive abilities, requiring abstract thought and the ability to understand different perspectives.
What is the effect of cultural differences on moral reasoning?
Cultural differences can lead to variations in moral values and the emphasis placed on different stages of moral development.
How does parenting style affect moral development?
Authoritative parenting, which combines warmth and clear expectations, tends to promote higher levels of moral reasoning.
What is the impact of moral reasoning on behavior?
Higher levels of moral reasoning are associated with more ethical and prosocial behavior.
How does exposure to diverse perspectives affect moral development?
Exposure to diverse perspectives can challenge existing beliefs and promote more complex moral reasoning.
What is the effect of deindividuation on moral behavior?
Deindividuation, such as wearing a mask, can lead to a loss of self-awareness and a greater likelihood of engaging in unethical behavior.
How does empathy influence moral decision-making?
Empathy allows individuals to understand and share the feelings of others, leading to more compassionate and ethical choices.
What is the impact of moral exemplars on moral development?
Exposure to moral exemplars, individuals who demonstrate exceptional moral behavior, can inspire and motivate others to act ethically.
How does cognitive dissonance influence moral behavior?
Cognitive dissonance, the discomfort of holding conflicting beliefs, can motivate individuals to change their behavior to align with their moral values.
What is the effect of moral disengagement on unethical behavior?
Moral disengagement, the process of rationalizing unethical behavior, can lead to a greater likelihood of engaging in harmful actions.
How does social influence impact moral choices?
Social influence, such as peer pressure, can lead individuals to make moral choices that they would not otherwise make.