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Define preconventional morality.
Self-centered morality based on rewards and punishments.
Define conventional morality.
Morality based on social norms and maintaining order.
Define postconventional morality.
Morality based on personal ethical principles and human rights.
What is justice-based morality?
Focuses on autonomy, fairness, and equality, often seen in men.
What is care-based morality?
Emphasizes interconnectedness and relationships, often seen in women.
Define moral reasoning.
The thinking process involved in deciding whether an act is right or wrong.
What is the Heinz dilemma?
A moral dilemma used by Kohlberg involving a man who must decide whether to steal a life-saving drug for his wife.
Define autonomy in the context of morality.
The ability to make independent moral decisions based on one's own principles.
What does it mean for moral stages to be 'fixed in sequence'?
Kohlberg believed individuals progress through the stages of moral development in a specific order, without skipping stages.
Define individualistic culture in the context of morality.
A culture that values personal standards and individual rights, often associated with post-conventional morality.
What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral development?
Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
Describe the progression of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory.
Individuals move from self-centered concerns (preconventional) to social norms (conventional) to universal ethical principles (postconventional).
What are the key steps in moral decision-making according to Gilligan?
Recognizing the needs of others, considering relationships, and avoiding harm.
What is the first stage of moral development?
Preconventional morality.
What is the second stage of moral development?
Conventional morality.
What is the third stage of moral development?
Postconventional morality.
What is the focus of the first stage of moral development?
Avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.
What is the focus of the second stage of moral development?
Gaining approval and maintaining social order.
What is the focus of the third stage of moral development?
Personal ethical principles and human rights.
What is the first step in moral decision-making according to Gilligan?
Recognizing the needs of others.
What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
A stage theory describing how individuals develop moral reasoning through preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages.
What is Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory?
She argued that Kohlberg's theory is biased towards a male perspective, focusing on justice rather than care.
What is the focus of preconventional morality?
Avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.
What is the focus of conventional morality?
Gaining approval and maintaining social order.
What is the focus of postconventional morality?
Personal ethical principles and human rights.
What is the main difference between justice-based and care-based morality?
Justice-based focuses on fairness and equality, while care-based focuses on relationships and avoiding harm.
How does culture influence moral development?
Individualistic cultures may promote postconventional morality, while collectivistic cultures may emphasize conventional morality.
Explain the concept of moral relativism.
The idea that moral standards are not absolute but vary depending on cultural or individual beliefs.
What is the role of empathy in moral development?
Empathy, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, is crucial for developing care-based morality and making ethical decisions.
Describe the relationship between cognitive development and moral development.
Moral reasoning develops alongside cognitive abilities, requiring abstract thought and the ability to understand different perspectives.