Compare the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories.
James-Lange: physiological response -> emotion. Cannon-Bard: physiological response and emotion occur simultaneously.
Compare the Schachter-Singer and Lazarus theories.
Both involve cognitive appraisal, but Schachter-Singer: arousal first, then appraisal. Lazarus: appraisal first, then arousal and emotion.
Compare the Zajonc-LeDoux theory with other emotion theories.
It emphasizes that some emotional reactions can occur without cognitive appraisal, unlike other theories that prioritize cognitive processes.
Compare the roles of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in emotion.
Amygdala: processes immediate emotional reactions, especially fear. Prefrontal cortex: regulates and processes emotions, including positive and negative.
Compare how different cultures express emotions.
Individualistic cultures are more expressive, while collectivist cultures tend to suppress emotional displays.
Compare the 'fast' and 'slow' pathways in the Zajonc-LeDoux theory.
Fast pathway: immediate, unconscious emotional response. Slow pathway: involves cognitive processing and conscious thought.
Compare the James-Lange theory with the Common Sense theory of emotion.
James-Lange theory states physiological response leads to emotion, while the Common Sense theory posits emotion leads to physiological response.
Compare the focus of the Schachter-Singer theory with the Cannon-Bard theory.
Schachter-Singer theory emphasizes the role of cognitive appraisal in determining emotion, while the Cannon-Bard theory focuses on the simultaneous occurrence of physiological and emotional responses.
Compare the emphasis on cognition in the Lazarus theory versus the Zajonc-LeDoux theory.
Lazarus theory places a strong emphasis on cognitive appraisal as a prerequisite for emotional experience, while the Zajonc-LeDoux theory suggests that some emotional reactions can occur without cognitive appraisal.
Compare the implications of the facial feedback effect with the universality of facial expressions.
The facial feedback effect suggests that our own facial expressions can influence our emotions, while the universality of facial expressions implies that certain emotions are universally recognized across cultures.
How can the facial feedback effect be used to improve mood?
Smiling, even when not genuinely happy, can trigger feelings of happiness.
How can the Schachter-Singer theory explain panic attacks?
Unexplained physiological arousal is labeled as fear, intensifying the panic.
How does the amygdala's role explain phobias?
The amygdala triggers fear responses to specific stimuli, even without conscious awareness.
How can understanding cultural differences in emotional expression improve communication?
Being aware of cultural norms helps avoid misinterpreting emotional cues.
How might Lazarus theory explain different reactions to the same event?
Different cognitive appraisals of the event lead to varying emotional and physiological responses.
How can the Zajonc-LeDoux theory explain immediate fear reactions?
The fast pathway allows for quick responses to potential threats before conscious evaluation.
How is the Cannon-Bard theory demonstrated in spinal cord injuries?
Individuals with spinal cord injuries can still experience emotions even with limited physiological feedback.
How can the James-Lange theory be applied to understanding stage fright?
Physical symptoms like trembling are interpreted as fear, intensifying the anxiety.
How can understanding theories of emotion help in therapy?
Therapists can use different theories to address emotional disorders by targeting physiological responses, cognitive appraisals, or both.
How can the recognition of universal facial expressions aid in cross-cultural interactions?
By identifying basic emotions through facial cues, individuals can better understand and respond to others, regardless of cultural background.
What is the core idea of the James-Lange theory?
Physiological response precedes and causes the emotional experience.
What is the central claim of the Cannon-Bard theory?
Physiological response and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently.
What is the key component of the Schachter-Singer theory?
Emotion results from physiological arousal followed by cognitive appraisal of the situation.
What is the 'two-factor' aspect of Schachter-Singer theory?
Emotion depends on both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
What is the main idea behind the Zajonc-LeDoux theory?
Some emotional reactions occur instantly, bypassing cognitive processing.
Explain the 'fast pathway' in Zajonc-LeDoux theory.
Immediate emotional responses (e.g., fear) bypass the cortex, going directly to the amygdala.
Explain the 'slow pathway' in Zajonc-LeDoux theory.
Emotional responses that involve cognitive processing and conscious thought.
What is the main idea behind the Lazarus theory?
Cognitive appraisal precedes both physiological arousal and emotional experience.
What does Paul Ekman's research suggest about facial expressions?
Facial expressions of basic emotions are universal across cultures.
How do individualistic cultures differ from collectivist cultures in expressing emotions?
Individualistic cultures tend to show more emotion, while collectivist cultures tend to hide emotions.
