All Flashcards
Define 'emotion'.
A complex state involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
What is 'physiological arousal' in the context of emotion?
The body's physical response to a stimulus, such as heart racing or sweating.
Define 'expressive behaviors' in the context of emotion.
Observable actions and expressions that communicate emotions, like facial expressions or body language.
What is 'conscious experience' in relation to emotion?
The subjective feeling or awareness of an emotion.
Define 'cognitive appraisal'.
The mental process of evaluating a situation and its potential impact on one's well-being.
What is the 'facial feedback effect'?
The phenomenon where facial muscle states can influence emotional feelings.
Define 'amygdala's role in emotion.
Brain structure involved in processing emotions, especially fear.
What is the role of the 'prefrontal cortex' in emotion?
Brain region associated with emotional regulation and processing positive/negative emotions.
Define 'universal emotions'.
Emotions recognized across cultures, often expressed through similar facial expressions.
What are 'primary emotions'?
Basic emotions like fear, anger, and happiness, considered fundamental and adaptive.
What is the core idea of the James-Lange theory?
Physiological response precedes and causes the emotional experience.
What is the central claim of the Cannon-Bard theory?
Physiological response and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently.
What is the key component of the Schachter-Singer theory?
Emotion results from physiological arousal followed by cognitive appraisal of the situation.
What is the 'two-factor' aspect of Schachter-Singer theory?
Emotion depends on both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
What is the main idea behind the Zajonc-LeDoux theory?
Some emotional reactions occur instantly, bypassing cognitive processing.
Explain the 'fast pathway' in Zajonc-LeDoux theory.
Immediate emotional responses (e.g., fear) bypass the cortex, going directly to the amygdala.
Explain the 'slow pathway' in Zajonc-LeDoux theory.
Emotional responses that involve cognitive processing and conscious thought.
What is the main idea behind the Lazarus theory?
Cognitive appraisal precedes both physiological arousal and emotional experience.
What does Paul Ekman's research suggest about facial expressions?
Facial expressions of basic emotions are universal across cultures.
How do individualistic cultures differ from collectivist cultures in expressing emotions?
Individualistic cultures tend to show more emotion, while collectivist cultures tend to hide emotions.
Compare the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories.
James-Lange: physiological response -> emotion. Cannon-Bard: physiological response and emotion occur simultaneously.
Compare the Schachter-Singer and Lazarus theories.
Both involve cognitive appraisal, but Schachter-Singer: arousal first, then appraisal. Lazarus: appraisal first, then arousal and emotion.
Compare the Zajonc-LeDoux theory with other emotion theories.
It emphasizes that some emotional reactions can occur without cognitive appraisal, unlike other theories that prioritize cognitive processes.
Compare the roles of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in emotion.
Amygdala: processes immediate emotional reactions, especially fear. Prefrontal cortex: regulates and processes emotions, including positive and negative.
Compare how different cultures express emotions.
Individualistic cultures are more expressive, while collectivist cultures tend to suppress emotional displays.
Compare the 'fast' and 'slow' pathways in the Zajonc-LeDoux theory.
Fast pathway: immediate, unconscious emotional response. Slow pathway: involves cognitive processing and conscious thought.
Compare the James-Lange theory with the Common Sense theory of emotion.
James-Lange theory states physiological response leads to emotion, while the Common Sense theory posits emotion leads to physiological response.
Compare the focus of the Schachter-Singer theory with the Cannon-Bard theory.
Schachter-Singer theory emphasizes the role of cognitive appraisal in determining emotion, while the Cannon-Bard theory focuses on the simultaneous occurrence of physiological and emotional responses.
Compare the emphasis on cognition in the Lazarus theory versus the Zajonc-LeDoux theory.
Lazarus theory places a strong emphasis on cognitive appraisal as a prerequisite for emotional experience, while the Zajonc-LeDoux theory suggests that some emotional reactions can occur without cognitive appraisal.
Compare the implications of the facial feedback effect with the universality of facial expressions.
The facial feedback effect suggests that our own facial expressions can influence our emotions, while the universality of facial expressions implies that certain emotions are universally recognized across cultures.