Motivation, Emotion, and Personality
In terms of emotion, what does the Opponent Process Theory primarily deal with?
Cognitive labelling and physiological arousal.
Simultaneous occurrence of physiological and emotional responses.
Physiological reactions preceding emotional experience.
Emotional reactions to stimuli and their corresponding after-effects.
Which theory suggests that emotions are experienced after physiological reactions occur?
Cognitive-Mediational Theory
James-Lange Theory
Two-Factor Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Which aspect do both Schachter-Singer two-factor theory and Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory consider crucial for experiencing emotions?
Emotional expression preceding all internal processes
Simultaneous triggering of emotional states alongside physical reactions
Physiological arousal alone without context
Cognitive label or appraisal
According to Schachter-Singer’s two-factor theory, what two components make up an emotion?
Physiological arousal and cognitive label
Stimulus event and memory recall
Physiological arousal and memory recall
Cognitive label and stimulus event
According to the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory, why might a student feel nervous before a big test?
The student interprets his or her increased heart rate as fear due to the upcoming examination.
Test-taking leads directly to fear without any bodily reactions involved.
The student feels nervous first which causes their heart rate to increase.
The physiological response and the feeling of being nervous occur simultaneously with no interpretation needed.
What approach would psychoanalytic theorists likely recommend when addressing unresolved feelings stemming from childhood trauma?
Ignoring the past and focusing solely on current behaviors.
Utilize meditation exclusively as a means of resolving inner conflict.
Engage in talk therapy to uncover unconscious memories.
Use of anti-depressant medication alone without any therapeutic intervention.
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which comes first?
Cognitive interpretation
Emotional experience
Event triggering the emotion
Physiological response

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What theory on emotion was influenced by Darwin's work?
facial feedback
two-factor
cannon-bard
cognitive-appraisal
Considering Ekman’s research on universal facial expressions associated with specific emotions across various cultures, how could his findings be used when designing emoticons for an internationally-used communication app?
Since emoticons are interpreted differently cross-culturally, Ekman’s research is irrelevant for design considerations.
Developers should incorporate facial expressions identified by Ekman into emoticons as they're likely recognizable across different cultures.
Ekman’s work suggests focusing solely on verbal descriptions as visual expressions vary too greatly between cultures for consistent integration into emoticons.
Each culture requires unique sets of emoticons based on Ekman’s finding that there are no universally recognized facial expressions tied to specific emotions.
How could you test Schachter-Singer's two-factor theory in a novel experimental design?
Inducing physical arousal, providing varying information about a situation, then assessing emotional state.
Measuring heart rate while showing emotionally charged films.
Asking individuals to recall and rate past emotional experiences.
Showing participants distressing images and measuring cortisol levels.