Motivation, Emotion, and Personality
What theory on emotion was influenced by Darwin's work?
facial feedback
two-factor
cannon-bard
cognitive-appraisal
In terms of emotion, what does the Opponent Process Theory primarily deal with?
Cognitive labelling and physiological arousal.
Simultaneous occurrence of physiological and emotional responses.
Physiological reactions preceding emotional experience.
Emotional reactions to stimuli and their corresponding after-effects.
Which theory suggests that emotions are experienced after physiological reactions occur?
Cognitive-Mediational Theory
James-Lange Theory
Two-Factor Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
What approach would psychoanalytic theorists likely recommend when addressing unresolved feelings stemming from childhood trauma?
Ignoring the past and focusing solely on current behaviors.
Utilize meditation exclusively as a means of resolving inner conflict.
Engage in talk therapy to uncover unconscious memories.
Use of anti-depressant medication alone without any therapeutic intervention.
Paul Ekman discovered what about expression of emotions?
Facial expressions are culturally specific.
Facial expressions and gestures are universal.
Facial expressions and gestures are culturally specific.
Facial expressions to basic emotions are universal.
How could an experiment be structured to investigate if cognitive appraisal directly influences emotional response, independent of physiological arousal?
Measuring physiological arousal after exposing subjects to known stressors then asking for cognitive appraisal post-exposure.
Introducing ambiguous stimuli that can be appraised differently and measuring emotional response before any noticeable physiological change occurs.
Observing changes in facial expressions following the presentation of various images known to cause distinct emotions without prior briefing.
Asking participants to report their feelings before and after being informed about the nature of emotion-inducing stimuli they will view.
In what way does the Cannon-Bard theory challenge James-Lange's perspective on emotions?
It proposes that all emotions derive from fundamental feelings of joy or sorrow.
There is no distinction between primary and secondary emotions, all are equally complex and important.
It argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.
It advocates for the primacy of cognitive processing in emotional reaction.

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Considering Ekman’s research on universal facial expressions associated with specific emotions across various cultures, how could his findings be used when designing emoticons for an internationally-used communication app?
Since emoticons are interpreted differently cross-culturally, Ekman’s research is irrelevant for design considerations.
Developers should incorporate facial expressions identified by Ekman into emoticons as they're likely recognizable across different cultures.
Ekman’s work suggests focusing solely on verbal descriptions as visual expressions vary too greatly between cultures for consistent integration into emoticons.
Each culture requires unique sets of emoticons based on Ekman’s finding that there are no universally recognized facial expressions tied to specific emotions.
How could you test Schachter-Singer's two-factor theory in a novel experimental design?
Inducing physical arousal, providing varying information about a situation, then assessing emotional state.
Measuring heart rate while showing emotionally charged films.
Asking individuals to recall and rate past emotional experiences.
Showing participants distressing images and measuring cortisol levels.
Which aspect do both Schachter-Singer two-factor theory and Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory consider crucial for experiencing emotions?
Emotional expression preceding all internal processes
Simultaneous triggering of emotional states alongside physical reactions
Physiological arousal alone without context
Cognitive label or appraisal