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Compare the id and the superego.
Id is impulsive and seeks immediate gratification, while the superego is moral and strives for perfection.
Compare repression and denial.
Repression blocks thoughts from awareness, while denial refuses to accept reality.
Compare displacement and projection.
Displacement redirects impulses, while projection attributes one's own feelings to others.
Compare Freud's and Jung's views on the unconscious.
Freud focused on the personal unconscious, while Jung added the concept of the collective unconscious.
Compare Adler's inferiority complex and superiority complex.
Inferiority complex is a feeling of inadequacy, while superiority complex is masking those feelings by acting superior.
Compare the oral and anal stages.
Oral stage focuses on mouth-related pleasures, while anal stage focuses on bowel and bladder control.
Compare the ego and the reality principle.
The ego operates on the reality principle, mediating between the id and the external world.
Compare rationalization and intellectualization.
Rationalization creates self-justifying explanations, while intellectualization focuses on the intellectual aspects of a situation.
Compare Freud's psychosexual stages and Erikson's psychosocial stages.
Freud focused on sexual drives, while Erikson emphasized social interactions and development throughout life.
Compare Freud's views on women with those of Karen Horney.
Freud's views were considered chauvinistic, while Horney criticized his theories for being biased against women.
What is the effect of fixation in the oral stage?
Can lead to habits like smoking, nail-biting, or overeating.
What is the effect of being anal retentive?
Can lead to being excessively neat, organized, and controlling.
What is the effect of being anal expulsive?
Can lead to being disorganized, careless, and rebellious.
What is the cause of using defense mechanisms?
The ego's need to protect itself from anxiety.
What is the effect of repression on conscious awareness?
Blocking anxiety-provoking thoughts from conscious awareness.
What is the effect of an inferiority complex?
Motivation stems from a fear of failure and a desire to achieve.
What is the effect of a superiority complex?
People mask their fears of being inferior by acting superior.
What is the effect of unresolved conflicts in the phallic stage?
Can lead to difficulties in forming healthy relationships and gender identity issues.
What is the effect of overemphasis on early childhood experiences?
May neglect the importance of development throughout the lifespan.
What is the effect of strong superego?
Can lead to excessive guilt and self-criticism.
What is the unconscious?
Reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories, often repressed.
Define free association.
Technique used to explore the unconscious where patients say whatever comes to mind.
What is the id?
The impulsive, irrational part of the personality that operates on the pleasure principle.
What is the ego?
The rational part of the personality that operates on the reality principle.
What is the superego?
The moral part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment.
Define defense mechanisms.
Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety.
What is repression?
Blocking anxiety-provoking thoughts from conscious awareness.
What is regression?
Reverting to immature behaviors from an earlier stage of development.
What is projection?
Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.
What is rationalization?
Creating self-justifying explanations for unacceptable behavior.
What is sublimation?
Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
What is the Oedipus complex?
Boys develop sexual feelings for their mothers and jealousy towards their fathers.
What is the Electra complex?
Girls develop sexual feelings for their fathers and jealousy towards their mothers.
What is identification?
Adopting the characteristics of the same-sex parent to resolve conflict and develop gender identity.
Define inferiority complex.
Motivation stems from a fear of failure and a desire to achieve.
Define superiority complex.
People mask their fears of being inferior by acting superior.
What are archetypes?
Inherited universal concepts shared by all humans.