Glossary
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (Three-Stage Model)
A classic model of memory proposing that memory flows through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Example:
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model helps explain how a phone number you briefly hear (sensory), then repeat (short-term), might eventually be forgotten if not rehearsed into long-term memory.
Echoic Memory
A type of sensory memory that stores fleeting auditory information, typically lasting for a few seconds.
Example:
When someone asks you a question and you say 'What?' but then immediately recall what they said, your echoic memory was at work.
Encoding
The initial process of getting information into the memory system, converting sensory input into a form that can be stored.
Example:
When you first learn a new dance move, your brain is actively encoding the sequence of steps.
Iconic Memory
A type of sensory memory that stores fleeting visual information, typically lasting less than a second.
Example:
If you quickly glance at a page of text and then close your eyes, the brief afterimage you 'see' is due to your iconic memory.
Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, including knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Example:
Your ability to ride a bicycle, recall your childhood home, or remember the lyrics to your favorite song are all examples of information stored in your long-term memory.
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Example:
Your ability to recall what you ate for breakfast this morning is an example of your memory at work.
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage when it is needed.
Example:
When you remember the name of your first-grade teacher, you are engaging in the process of retrieval.
Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system, lasting only a fraction of a second to a few seconds.
Example:
The fleeting image you see when a camera flash goes off, even after the light is gone, is held in your sensory memory.
Short-Term Memory
A memory stage that holds a limited amount of information (around 7 items) for a short period, typically about 20 seconds, unless actively rehearsed.
Example:
Trying to remember a new friend's phone number just long enough to dial it before you write it down relies on your short-term memory.
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time for later use.
Example:
After studying for a test, the knowledge you've gained is in storage, waiting to be accessed during the exam.