Biological Basis of Behavior
Considering cross-cultural differences, which factor is most important when explaining why certain societies experience less prevalence of insomnia than others?
Global uniformity in electronic device usage before bedtime across cultures.
Varied cultural attitudes toward sleep and bedtime routines that promote relaxation.
The universal genetic predisposition towards efficient sleep patterns in humans.
Access to over-the-counter melatonin supplements in all countries equally.
Which alternative view contradicts the activation-synthesis model’s premise that dreams are random and meaningless?
Dreams as purely physiological phenomena.
Dreams as unfulfilled wishes.
Dreams as cognitive processing of daily events.
Dreams as manifestations of repressed thoughts.
What aspect of biological rhythms could best explain the phenomenon of "jet lag"?
Disruption of circadian rhythms
Modification of ultradian rhythms
Alteration in infradian rhythms
Impact on homeostatic sleep drive
What is the primary purpose of REM sleep?
Digestion and physical growth
Dreaming and memory consolidation
Increase in heart rate
Eyesight improvement
According to evolutionary psychologists, what purpose might nightmares serve?
Nightmares occur due to a disruption in the neurotransmitters governing mood during sleep.
Nightmares result from unresolved psychological conflicts manifesting during sleep.
Nightmares may be an adaptive mechanism preparing individuals for potential threats.
Nightmares are misinterpretations of random neural activity during REM sleep.
Why is polyphasic sleeping considered less effective than monophasic sleeping according to circadian rhythm research?
Daylight exposure necessary for regulating healthy melatonin levels is insufficient over fragmented polyphasic naps.
The frequent division of restorative NREM stages throughout polyphasic cycles diminishes overall rest quality.
Polyphasic sleeping disrupts natural circadian rhythms resulting in suboptimal synchronization between internal biological processes.
Multiple short sleeps cannot sustain sufficient neurochemical restoration since peak regeneration occurs only once per night cycle.
Which theory suggests that dreams can aid in problem-solving and memory consolidation?
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Biological perspective of dreaming
Psychoanalytic theory
Cognitive process dream theory

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Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to
improved communication
decreased blood pressure
weight loss
suppression of the immune system
What happens when an individual experiences sleep deprivation?
Impaired cognitive functioning
Increased physical strength
Augmented creativity levels
Development of night vision
What would primarily challenge the Freudian theory that dreams are a form of wish fulfillment?
Demonstration of non-desirous themes in dream content.
Increase in REM sleep for those with unsatisfied desires.
Evidence that people often forget their dreams.
Lack of empirical evidence supporting dream interpretation techniques.